Çiftçioğlu A.Ö.Naser M.Z.2024-07-222024-07-22202427729915http://akademikarsiv.cbu.edu.tr:4000/handle/123456789/11508This paper presents a causal analysis aimed at identifying and estimating causal effects with regard to bridge failures under extreme events. Observational data on about 299 bridge incidents were used to conduct this causal investigation and examine bridges’ performance. As causal investigations can also deliver counterfactual assessments of parallel worlds, a causal analysis can serve as a high-merit methodology to evaluate the performance of critical bridges. Our findings quantify the causal impacts of various factors spanning the characteristics of bridges, traffic demands, and incident type (i.e., fire, high wind, scour/flood, earthquake, and impact/collision). More specifically, our analysis reveals high causal effects related to the used structural system, construction materials, and demand served. © 2023 The AuthorsEnglishAll Open Access; Gold Open AccessScourBridge failuresBridge performanceCausal analysisCausal inferencesCounterfactualsExtreme eventsObservational dataTraffic incidentsVulnerabilityFailure (mechanical)Article10.1016/j.iintel.2023.100068