Yanikkaya, H2024-07-182024-07-180304-38781872-6089http://akademikarsiv.cbu.edu.tr:4000/handle/123456789/2752This paper demonstrates that trade liberalization does not have a simple and straightforward relationship with growth using a large number of openness measures for a cross section of countries over the last three decades. We use two groups of trade openness measures. The regression results for numerous trade intensity ratios are mostly consistent with the existing literature. However, contrary to the conventional view on the growth effects of trade barriers, our estimation results show that trade barriers are positively and, in most specifications, significantly associated with growth, especially for developing countries and they are consistent with the findings of theoretical growth and development literature. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.EnglishCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEINTERNATIONAL-TRADEREFORMPRODUCTIVITYDISTORTIONSINTEGRATIONArticle