Browsing by Author "Özdemir, B"

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    The Basmachi Movement in the Light of Soviet Archival Documents
    Yesilot, O; Özdemir, B
    The emergence of the Basmachi movement is usually associated with the the abolition of the Kokand government in 1918. In 1918 the insurgency also began to spread to Fergana. This was followed by Hive and Bukhara. The Basmachi groups were units formed in separate regions. Each leader had a separate territory under his control. The goal of the Basmachi was to liberate Turkestan from Soviet rule. The movement was strengthened under the leadership of Enver Pasha in 1921. With the murder of Enver Pasha in 1922, the Basmachi movement did not end, but lost power of the previous years. Under the leadership of Ibrahim Bek, the Lokai tribal leader, Basmachi movement revived in 1926. However, this resistance was ended in June 1931 and Ibrahim Bek was arrested. There have been numerous studies on the Basmachi movement in Turkey. All studies to date, however, have included the term Basmachi, the emergence and development of the movement, the causes of movement's failures and the Soviet tactics during the fight. Aims of this work was to explain the Basmachi movement through the eyes of the Soviets with archival documents in the Russian State Military Archive. These topics include the following: one of most prominent leaders of the movement, Ibrahim Bek and the mythologizing of his leadership by the people, not only Soviet administration but also views of Red Army soldiers on the struggle, reflections of Turkestan people's support for the movement on military correspondence, formation of non-Russian troops for struggle against the Basmachi and the problems of this struggle and how the Soviet administration used the clergy to eliminate popular support for the movement.
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    TURKISH - RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE PUTIN ERA
    Yesilot, O; Özdemir, B
    The aim of this scientific research is to observe the development of Russian-Turkish relations during the Putin era. The analysis also includes a historical review and strategical points as a geopolitical aspect. In the framework of Erdogan's reforms at the beginning of the 21st century, this paper draws attention to new spheres for cooperation such as defense tenders and technology related to regional security. The Cyprus issue as a part of Turkey's international interest was included in the aspect of the Russian presence in the Mediterranean region. The situation in the Caucasian region and the Georgian crisis provided an agenda for Transcaucasian discussions between Russia and Turkey. This research does not bypass the energy issues including Turkey stream and Akkuyu. The Ukrainian crisis and the Crimean issue retain their relevance in contemporary Russian-Turkish relations given their significance within Turkey's regional policy. In addition, the SU-24 aircraft accident, which has a critical place in terms of the two countries' relations, and the nine month restoration process that followed this incident, is also addressed in this article. The Syrian crisis, which became a significant issue in the international arena due to its being related to cooperation in the sphere of regional security and defense, is also mentioned in this study.
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    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a Pathogen of Nosocomial Pneumonia: Seven Case Reports
    Özdemir, L; Özdemir, B; Havlucu, Y
    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which is often found in hospital environments, has become an increasingly common nosocomial pathogen. As a cause of nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care government hospital here, 7 patients with S. maltophilia detected in their sputum cultures were evaluated with regard to age, gender, underlying diseases and risk factors, and antibiotic susceptibilities of laboratory and radiographic findings.
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    MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY, PALYNOLOGY AND SEED MICROMORPHOLOGY OF TURKISH ENDEMIC Verbascum exuberans HUB.-MOR. (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
    Aktas, K; Özdemir, C; Özdemir, B
    Verbascum L. is the largest genus of the family Scrophulariceae and includes several species am of medicinal importance. The high morphological diversity among the species of the genus Verbascum causes problems in the delimitation of the species. In this study, morphological, anatomical, palynological and seed properties of Verbascum exuberans were investigated. It is a local endemic restricted to the provinces of Manisa and Izmir in West Anatolia. In the root cross-section, the xylem elements occupy a considerable area. The upper part of the epidermis cells in the stein cross-section is covered a distinct cuticle layer. The main vein of the leaf is shapped as bicollateral bundle. Idioblasts were not observed in the epidermis of the leaves of V exuberans. Seeds of V exuberans are dark brown and oblong to prismatic and alveolate. Hilum is short and orbicular. The seed coat ornamentation is reticulate-rugose. Pollen grains usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, prolate, tricolpate. Tectum is reticulate
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    Zhenotdel (The Women's Section of the Communist Party) and Its Works in the Turkestan
    Özdemir, B
    Women took on many roles during and after the revolution, and in this way, they were one of the most important supporters of the Communist Party. However, in the early years there were concerns of the Communist Party about the establishment of a separate women's organization, since separate women's organizations might lead to feminist deviations. But the women leaders, including Alexandra Kollontai and Inessa Armand, rejected any parallels to feminist ideology and convinced the Communist Party for the establishment of the Zhenotdel. The tasks of Zhenotdel was to help in the emancipation of women from the drudgery of private child care and food preparation and also to help to resolve the issues of abortion, prostitution, unemployment etc. Another task of the Zhenotdel was to become a part of the Soviet society the so-called women of the East-the Muslim women. This paper aims to analyze development of women's movement in Russia, establishment process of the Zhenotdel and the content of its works, and also its propaganda for Muslim women in the Turkestan.
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    KOMSOMOL AND THE WOMEN'S PROBLEMATIC
    Özdemir, B; Acar Kaplan, K
    Komsomol, an organization for both male and female youth aged 14 to 28, was founded in 1918 in Moscow and continued until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. The organization was important in shaping the new Soviet society. Due to this, it has become a subject of many scholarly studies. But different from them, this study, utilizing many archival sources, focuses on the role and place of women in the Komsomol. Through archival examples from both Soviet Russia and the Turkic republics in the Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan, Karachay-Cherkess, Kalmykia from the beginning of Komsomol to the WWII era, this study aims to examine and show to what extent women participated in the Komsomol activities, administration and how male members approached them. While doing this, it emphasizes what changed and what continued in time.
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    Anti-Religious Struggle in the Soviet Union and the Komsomol
    Özdemir, B
    The struggle against religion in the Soviet Union was an important part of the class war and it was prerequisite for a socialist society. Thus, an intensive anti-religious propaganda was initiated by the communist government. Religion has been described as the main enemy of the working class. Prohibitions of religious education, suppression of religious publications were the other steps in this process. In the later years, the methods such as anti-religious holidays, seminars and movies became a part of this struggle. The League of Militant Atheists was an organisation in the Soviet Union founded in 1925 in order to propagate atheism. The tasks of the League of Militant Atheists were anti-religious propaganda, anti-church struggle and the liquidation of religious communities. However, the Komsomol also served in struggle against religion. What are most striking of Komsomol's anti-religious propaganda methods were the Komsomol festivals. The goal of the Komsomol festivals was not to worship; on the contrary, these were activities which religious values were teased. In these festivals Komsomol's task was to prove to the new generation that there was no blessed. This paper explores the period of the war against religion in the Soviet Union from the first years of the revolution and also the role of the Komsomol in this struggle using archive documents.
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    Are Soap, Paper Towel and Alcohol-based Disinfectants Easily Accessible in Intensive Care Units in Turkey?: Results of the Phokai Study
    Uyan, A; Durmus, G; Sezak, N; Özdemir, B; Kaygusuz, T; Öztoprak, N; Özdemir, K; Aksoy, F; Özgültekin, A; Koç, MM; Öncül, A; Çagan Aktas, S; Isik, B; Çelebi, G; Evik, G; Özger, S; Harman, R; Dindar Demiray, EK; Özkören Çalik, S; Alkan Çeviker, S; Yildiz, IE; Isik, ME; Senol, G; Sari, S; Dogan, M; Ugurlu, K; Arslan, M; Akgül, F; Koç, F; Kürekçi, Y; Çaglayan, D; Uçar, M; Gözüküçük, R; Elmaslar Mert, HT; Alay, H; Erdogan, H; Demirel, A; Dogan, N; Koçak, F; Güven, E; Ünsal, G; Sipahi, H; Yamazhan, T; Arda, B; Ulusoy, S; Sipahi, OR
    Introduction: Hand hygiene is one of the most effective infection control measures to prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). Water, soap, paper towel and hand disinfectant must be available and adequate in terms of effective hand hygiene. The adequacy of hand hygiene products or keeping water-soap and paper towel is still a problem for many developing countries like Turkey. In this multicenter study, we analyzed the adequacy in number and availability of hand hygiene products. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in all intensive care units (ICUs) of 41 hospitals (27 tertiary-care educational, 10 state and four private hospitals) from 22 cities located in seven geographical regions of Turkey. We analyzed water, soap, paper towel and alcohol-based hand disinfectant adequacy on four different days, two of which were in summer during the vacation time (August, 27th and 31st 2016) and two in autumn (October, 12th and 15th 2016). Results: The total number of ICUs and intensive care beds in 41 participating centers were 214 and 2357, respectively. Overall, there was no soap in 3-11% of sinks and no paper towel in 10-18% of sinks while there was no alcohol-based hand disinfectant in 1-4.7% of hand disinfectant units on the observation days. When we compared the number of sinks with soap and/or paper towel on weekdays vs. weekends, there was no significant difference in summer. However, on autumn weekdays, the number of sinks with soap and paper towel was significantly lower on weekend days (p<0.0001, p<0.0001) while the number of hand disinfectant units with alcohol-based disinfectant was significantly higher (p<0.0001). Conclusion: There should be adequate and accessible hand hygiene materials for effective hand hygiene. In this study, we found that soap and paper towels were inadequate on the observation days in 3-11% and 10-18% of units, respectively. Attention should be paid on soap and paper towel supply at weekends as well.