Browsing by Author "Ahmed D."

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    Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Rumex hastatus with response surface methodology
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Jiskani A.H.; Aydar A.Y.; Ahmed D.
    Rumex hastatus is known for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. The present research explored ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for antioxidants from it. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used with the Box–Behnken design. Hydro-ethanolic solvent ratio, amplitude, and temperature were the independent factors while % extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential, and metal chelating activity (MCA) were the responses. The highest extraction yield was 11.58% that was obtained at 20% hydro-EtOH, 50℃ temperature, and 50 m amplitude. The optimum conditions for the highest TPC were 80% hydro-EtOH, 60℃ temperature, and 75 m amplitude, for the highest TFC were 80% hydro-EtOH, 50℃ temperature, and 50 m amplitude. For MCA, the optimum conditions were 20% hydro-EtOH solvent, 50℃ temperature, and 100 m amplitude, respectively. UAE proved to be an efficient green technique for the extraction of bioactive and antioxidant substances from R. hastatus. Practical applications: The findings of this study are important for experts and industries related to vegetables and their antioxidant substances. The optimization work will be useful for the development of an efficient method for extraction of bioactive natural products from this plant for large-scale production. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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    Optimization of solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Lagenaria siceraria fruit by response surface methodology
    (Sciendo, 2022) Iftikhar S.; Tariq Qamar M.; Aydar A.Y.; Ahmed D.
    Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) fruit is highly celebrated for its nutritional as well as therapeutic properties. The present study was undertaken with the aim of exploring an efficient green solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction method for bioactives from this fruit. Optimization was done according to response surface methodology (RSM), where microwave power (W) and time (s) were independent factors, and percent extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and iron chelating activity (ICA) were the responses. TPC, TFC, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP and ICA were highest at 480 W and 60 s. The TPC was 288.9 mg GAE · g-1 DW (milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight), TFC was 214.1 mg RE · g-1 (rutin equivalent per gram DW), anti-radical activity was 32.96%, FRAP was 289.7 mg AAE · g-1 (mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gram) and ICA was 19.52%. The results of the study thus demonstrate that the solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction method, which utilised an optimum power of 480 W and a time of 60 s, is an effective and green method for extraction of antioxidant compounds from bottle gourd fruit. © 2022 Sahar Iftikhar et al., published by Sciendo.
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    Modelling of polyphenol and flavonoid extraction from bottle gourd fruit using green and cost effective LTTM glycerol-ammonium acetate in neat and diluted forms
    (Springer, 2022) Amin R.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    The current study investigated the effectiveness of a low-cost, safe and green LTTM (low-transition-temperature mixture) GAA (glycerol-ammonium acetate) for extraction of bioactive biomolecules form bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) fruit. Two forms of LTTM, neat and diluted with ethanol, were compared. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization using the Box-Behnken design consisting of three-factors, each with three levels. Total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), anti-radical activity (ARA), and iron chelating activity (ICA) were dependent variables, while time, temperature, speed, and solvent concentrations were independent variables. Second order polynomial models were well fitted for the responses in both solvent systems. For GAA-ethanol extraction, TP, TF, ICA, and anti-radical activity were 14.47 mg GAE/g, 4.93 mg RE/g, 12.21% and 36.43%, respectively, at optimum conditions of extraction time (42 min), temperature (42 °C), and solvent ratio (56%). For GAA extraction, the values 4.50 mg GAE/g, 2.86 mg RE/g, and 70.21% were obtained for TP, TF, and anti-radical activity, respectively, at optimized extraction conditions of speed 300 RPM, temperature 50 °C and solvent-to-solid ratio 10 mL/g. For anti-radical activity of GAA and GAA-ethanol extracts, the error rates between predicted and observed values were extremely low (3.35% and 3.88%, respectively), which demonstrated the suggested quadratic polynomial models as adequate for predicting this activity under any set of extraction conditions. With the error rate of 15.09%, the extraction of TP with GAA can also be quite adequately modelled. The study demonstrated GAA as a green and efficient solvent for extraction of polyphenols and other antioxidant biomolecules from L. siceraria fruit and the optimized process can be used for maximum extraction of antioxidants from it. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Ultrasound-assisted extraction optimization of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant compounds from fruit of Melia azedarach using a glycerol-based green deep eutectic solvent
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Jamshaid S.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.
    For sustainable extraction of bioactive components from Melia azedarach fruit, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) glycerol-ammonium acetate (GAA) were studied with optimization under response surface methodology with variables temperature, amplitude, and DES concentration (DC). The three-level, three-factorial Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to study three extraction conditions: temperature (30–50°C), amplitude (50%–100%), and DES concentration (50%–90%) to obtain highest level of total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), iron chelating activity (ICA), and anti-radical activity (DPPH). The optimized conditions for the responses were 50°C temperature, 50% DC, and 100% amplitude and the observed values for TP, TF, ICA, and DPPH were found 17.11 mg GAE /g DW, 11.33 mg RE/g DW, 52.66%, and 72.84%, respectively. The model was strongly supported by validation study, which indicates GAA-UAE is an effective green method for extracting bioactives from M. azedarach and the lower error rates (≤5.60) between predicted and observed values for TP, ICA, and DPPH models showed that these responses are more predictable compared with those of TF. Practical applications: The study proposes an ultrasound-assisted green and efficient approach for extraction of bioactive natural products from the fruit of the medicinal plant Melia azedarach. The optimized method developed can be used to obtain polyphenols, flavonoids, and other antioxidant bioactives from this abundantly available plant for industrial application for various medicinal and food preservation purposes. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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    Ultrasound- and heat-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizin from licorice by two glycerol-based DESs - Modeling and optimization as per response surface methodology
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Kubra K.T.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    Glycyrrhizin is an important bioactive compound of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) having many pharmaceutical properties. The present study explored the extraction of glycyrrhizin from licorice in two glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents glycerol-ammonium acetate (GAA) and glycerol-choline chloride (GCC) and by two different techniques heat-assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). For optimization, response surface methodology (RSM) as per CCD (central composite design) was applied. Quantification of the compound was done by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). In GAA-HAE, the highest yield 36.96 mg/g was at 80 °C temperature, 25 min time, and 50% DES concentration and in GCC-HAE, the highest yield was 35.26 mg/g that was at temperature 80 °C, time 65 min and 50% DES concentration. In GAA-UAE, the highest yield 35.41 mg/g was at temperature 60 °C, time 79 min and 70% DES concentration, and in GCC-UAE, the highest yield 31.37 mg/g was at temperature 80 °C, time 25 min and 50% DES concentration. UAE-methanol gave the highest yield 31.36 mg/g that was at temperature 60 °C, time 45 min and 70% methanol. The predicted models had high fitness each having a significant p-value (<0.05) and a nonsignificant lack of fit p-value. The R2 values were about 94%, 98%, 93%, 95% and 95% for GAA-UAE, GCC-UAE, GAA-HAE, GCC-HAE and methanol-UAE models, respectively, which also indicated high adequacy of the models. In terms of yield, HAE and UAE were comparable but UAE has the advantage of being more environmentally friendly, and GAA was more powerful than GCC as extracting medium. As a result, GAA-UAE should be a viable option for extracting glycyrrhizin from licorice as an efficient and environmentally friendly method. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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    EFFICIENT EXTRACTION OF CURCUMIN FROM TURMERIC WITH PHARMACEUTICAL SOLVENTS AND OPTIMIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
    (Plapiqui, 2023) Raheem M.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.
    The aim of the study was to find out a novel, effective, safe, and eco-friendly method for the extraction of curcumin from turmeric. A pharmaceu-tically safe solvent isopropyl alcohol was selected based on preliminary screening. Three methods, mi-crowave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-as-sisted extraction (UAE), and maceration were ex-plored, and optimization of each method was per-formed using Box-Behnken design with RSM. Yield (mg/g) ranged from 1.35-12.53, 1.43-5.59, and 0.23-7.06 (mg/g) in MAE, UAE, and maceration, respec-tively. For MAE, optimum conditions were 30 mL/g solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR), 240 W microwave power, and 40 s extraction time. The optimum UAE condi-tions were 40 °C, 10 min and 50 mL/g SSR. The opti-mum conditions for maceration were 60 °C, 90 min and 10 mL/g SSR. Based on the results, MAE was the most robust technique for extraction of curcumin from turmeric and the protocol may be developed for industrial application © 2023, Latin American Applied Research.All Rights Reserved.
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    Microwave-pretreatment hydrodistillation extraction of eucalyptol from Eucalyptus citriodora and optimization by response surface methodology
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Rachel T.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    This study aimed to optimize the process of extracting essential oil from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves using either conventional hydrodistillation (CHD) or microwave-pretreatment hydrodistillation (MPHD), and to compare the two methods. The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize two techniques. The essential oil yield was quantified in terms of eucalyptol, and the highest yields of eucalyptol in CHD and MPHD were 2.72% and 3.50%, respectively. For CHD, the optimum conditions for extraction of eucalyptol from E. citriodora leaves were 700 mL/100 g solvent-to-solid ratio and a 4 h extraction time with a 2.64 mg/100 g eucalyptol predicted yield. For MPHD, the optimum conditions were the solvent-to-solid ratio of 555 mL/100 g, extraction time of 4 h, irradiation time of 30 s, and power of 466 W, giving a 2.24 mg/100 g eucalyptol predicted yield. The validation study verified the efficacy of the optimized models. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed eucalyptol as the most abundant chemical constituent of both the CHD and MPHD distillates. In conclusion, MPHD had a lower solvent requirement, consuming less water for a slightly lower yield than CHD. In terms of efficiency, both techniques worked almost equally well for extracting eucalyptol from E. citriodora leaves, but MPHD was more environmentally sustainable in terms of water consumption. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.