Browsing by Author "Cavanagh J.T.O."

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    Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis
    (2013) Bourne C.; Aydemir O.; Balanzá-Martínez V.; Bora E.; Brissos S.; Cavanagh J.T.O.; Clark L.; Cubukcuoglu Z.; Dias V.V.; Dittmann S.; Ferrier I.N.; Fleck D.E.; Frangou S.; Gallagher P.; Jones L.; Kieseppä T.; Martínez-Aran A.; Melle I.; Moore P.B.; Mur M.; Pfennig A.; Raust A.; Senturk V.; Simonsen C.; Smith D.J.; Bio D.S.; Soeiro-de-Souza M.G.; Stoddart S.D.R.; Sundet K.; Szöke A.; Thompson J.M.; Torrent C.; Zalla T.; Craddock N.; Andreassen O.A.; Leboyer M.; Vieta E.; Bauer M.; Worhunsky P.D.; Tzagarakis C.; Rogers R.D.; Geddes J.R.; Goodwin G.M.
    Objective: An association between bipolar disorder and cognitive impairment has repeatedly been described, even for euthymic patients. Findings are inconsistent both across primary studies and previous meta-analyses. This study reanalysed 31 primary data sets as a single large sample (N = 2876) to provide a more definitive view. Method: Individual patient and control data were obtained from original authors for 11 measures from four common neuropsychological tests: California or Rey Verbal Learning Task (VLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span and/or Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Results: Impairments were found for all 11 test-measures in the bipolar group after controlling for age, IQ and gender (Ps ≤ 0.001, E.S. = 0.26-0.63). Residual mood symptoms confound this result but cannot account for the effect sizes found. Impairments also seem unrelated to drug treatment. Some test-measures were weakly correlated with illness severity measures suggesting that some impairments may track illness progression. Conclusion: This reanalysis supports VLT, Digit Span and TMT as robust measures of cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder patients. The heterogeneity of some test results explains previous differences in meta-analyses. Better controlling for confounds suggests deficits may be smaller than previously reported but should be tracked longitudinally across illness progression and treatment. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.