Browsing by Author "Clark, L"

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    Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis
    Bourne, C; Aydemir, Ö; Balanzá-Martínez, V; Bora, E; Brissos, S; Cavanagh, JTO; Clark, L; Cubukcuoglu, Z; Dias, VV; Dittmann, S; Ferrier, IN; Fleck, DE; Frangou, S; Gallagher, P; Jones, L; Kieseppä, T; Martínez-Aran, A; Melle, I; Moore, PB; Mur, M; Pfennig, A; Raust, A; Senturk, V; Simonsen, C; Smith, DJ; Bio, DS; Soeiro-de-Souza, MG; Stoddart, SDR; Sundet, K; Szöke, A; Thompson, JM; Torrent, C; Zalla, T; Craddock, N; Andreassen, OA; Leboyer, M; Vieta, E; Bauer, M; Worhunsky, PD; Tzagarakis, C; Rogers, RD; Geddes, JR; Goodwin, GM
    Objective: An association between bipolar disorder and cognitive impairment has repeatedly been described, even for euthymic patients. Findings are inconsistent both across primary studies and previous meta-analyses. This study reanalysed 31 primary data sets as a single large sample (N = 2876) to provide a more definitive view. Method: Individual patient and control data were obtained from original authors for 11 measures from four common neuropsychological tests: California or Rey Verbal Learning Task (VLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span and/or Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Results: Impairments were found for all 11 test-measures in the bipolar group after controlling for age, IQ and gender (Ps <= 0.001, E.S. = 0.26-0.63). Residual mood symptoms confound this result but cannot account for the effect sizes found. Impairments also seem unrelated to drug treatment. Some test-measures were weakly correlated with illness severity measures suggesting that some impairments may track illness progression. Conclusion: This reanalysis supports VLT, Digit Span and TMT as robust measures of cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder patients. The heterogeneity of some test results explains previous differences in meta-analyses. Better controlling for confounds suggests deficits may be smaller than previously reported but should be tracked longitudinally across illness progression and treatment.