Browsing by Author "Erel-Ozcevik M."

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    Analytical Delay Model of virtual CPE for 5G eMBB services in SD-CDN
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Erel-Ozcevik M.; Tekce F.; Kayapinar F.
    The high bandwidth and moderate latency requirements of enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) content in 5G are handled by Content Delivery Network (CDN) components such as customer premises equipment (CPE) in edge, branches in fog, and servers in the cloud. The indispensable goal of 5G network providers is meeting these requirements on the same physical component that reduces operational and capital expenditures (OPEX/CAPEX). However, we've believed that different configuration policies of providers can be only handled by Software-Defined CDN (SD-CDN). Moreover; due to the flow characteristics of eMBB and handling packet forwarding by only software-based component in an OpenFlow (OF) switch, obtained packet processing delay in conventional CPE has become challenging. Therefore, we propose SD-vCPE with a novel physical block diagram which includes hardware and software-based OF tables. The analytical models of conventional and SD-vCPE are also derived by using G/G/1 Markov queues, considering general eMBB flow characteristics, and SpeedUp parameters in the software part. According to analytical and simulation results, as the resolution of video content in eMBB is increased, the conventional CPE cannot handle delay in the microsecond level; whereas, proposed SD-vCPE outputs approximately 1-millisecond decrease on packet delay which differentiates according to matching rules in TCAM or CPU. Namely, the proposed analytical model for SD-vCPE results in a delay in an acceptable rate while comparing the simulation results performed in MATLAB. © 2020 IFIP.
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    SDN/NFV based Secure SCMA design in SDR
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Erel-Ozcevik M.; Tekce F.
    Due to increased mMTC devices in 5G, OFDMA has not been a solution for resource allocation in SDR. Therefore; SCMA which is one of the code domain NOMA has been using in such overloaded cases. As distinct from OFDMA, it uses also the constellation diagram as an addition to frequency and time domains in resource mapping to the mobile user equipment. The current studies do not consider UE prioritization while code allocation in SCMA is believed to enhance QoS of the whole topology. Moreover, due to the nature of SCMA, protecting the privacy of UE has become harder than conventional allocation strategies. The implementation details of secure SCMA does not consider by handling low OPEX/CAPEX. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel SDN/NFV based SDR by handling these 5G paradigms into the same platform to overcome the aforementioned challenges. With SDN, we newly define a QoS metric; i.e. received power over overloading of SDR, for UE prioritization such as Micro and Macro UE in an SDR. With NFV, SDR can have two virtual roles shown to UEs by Macrocell and Microcell virtual network functions. With SDR, the SCMA code allocation is performed according to defined Macro and Micro codes are taken from generated codebooks. Afterward, it performs the asymmetric encryption algorithm to provide security of code allocations and the privacy of the user. According to performance evaluation; when overloading is 150%, the Micro UEs have 10x better BER than Macro UEs where the QoS is acceptable for the whole topology. © 2021 IFIP.
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    Mobile Access Aware Routing in Software-Defined Networks; [Yazilim Tabanli Aglarda Mobil Erisim Protokolune Duyarli Yonlendirme]
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Tas B.; Akova E.; Akcam A.; Tekce F.; Erel-Ozcevik M.
    Nowadays, there is huge increase on mobile traffic that cannot be managed in 5G requirements with the existing physical infrastructure. To handle these requirements, we consider the new mobile access protocols in 5G. They vary according to Android and iOS operating systems, and these devices use UDP-based QUIC and TCP-based HTTP/2 protocols for video access, respectively. Therefore, there is a need for dynamic routing of video traffic according to the mobile user in low OPEX/CAPEX. To handle this challenge, we use the Software- Defined Networks. However, conventional routers can open the header of the incoming packet up to transport layer and can only forward according to carrying over either TCP or UDP protocol. Even the standard OpenFlow protocol using communication between dummy switches and controller on SDN, does not support routing by application layer (Layer 5). Therefore; in this paper, a mobile access aware routing is proposed. In ONOSbased SDN control, the newly defined forwarding rate (Rate) is calculated periodically. A new algorithm has been proposed that dynamically directs iOS/Android based video traffic according to the threshold value of this ratio. The standard Reactive Forwarding algorithm in the ONOS does not consider the intensity and mobile traffic rate. As a result, these challenges have been overcome with proposed algorithm, and the QoS values of the video traffic have been met the 5G requirements. © 2021 IEEE.
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    UAV-Coin: Blockchain assisted UAV as a Service
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Erel-Ozcevik M.
    The vast majority of 5G users are in eMBB content which requires high bandwidth and moderate latency under a few milliseconds. Today's applications are irregular and not predictable and current fixed wireless access cannot meet these requirements of eMBB traffic. This leads to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as mobile base stations to increase the capacity of physical infrastructure. However; due to serving eMBB users, the replacement of UAVs for recharging becomes frequent. There are many studies proposing to increase the serving time without any replacement in the literature. Due to the economic limitations of service providers, they prefer partial recovery on the topology. All of these leads use UAV as a service between multi-providers by hiring it from infrastructure on-demand. On the other hand, security is an urgent requirement of 5G while integrating multi-providers. Therefore, this paper proposes blockchain-assisted UAV as a service to handle the smart contracts between providers and UAVs in exchange for UAV-Coin. Thanks to that, multi-providers can hire a UAV on-demand to enhance network capacity without any full recovery on the physical topology. This is implemented by using edge servers that execute UAV, Content, and Database manager modules, respectively. The proof algorithm for blockchain-assisted UAVaaS is proposed. Here, the Proof of Stake (PoS) is preferred for the validation of transactions and adding them into a blockchain in order to meet the latency requirement of eMBB content. According to performance evaluation, the blockchain can be used by up to 10 service providers while considering the processing delay. Moreover, the service providers can earn much more UAV-Coin by being selected as a winner more than once for validation in proof of algorithm. © 2022 IEEE.
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    Energy-Aware Task Scheduling for Digital Twin Edge Networks in 6G
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Bozkaya E.; Bilen T.; Erel-Ozcevik M.; Ozcevik Y.
    With the recent surge in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications, computation offloading services in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) have provided the significant potential to upcoming 6G networks for a better Quality of Service (QoS). However, IoT devices are typically resource and energy-constrained, so this challenge can be compensated by incorporating energy-efficient approaches into the solution. Digital Twin is a candidate technology to reshape the future of the industry and energy-efficiently manage tremendous growth in data traffic at the network edge. Thus, we propose a Digital Twin Edge Network (DTEN) architecture for energy-aware task scheduling. More specifically, we formulate an energy optimization problem and identify a set of computation strategies to minimize both the task processing time and energy consumption. Due to being NP-hard, we compare it by Warehouse Location Problem (WLP) and solve it with the genetic algorithm-based approach in an energy and time-efficient manner. To achieve these, we present our digital twin-assisted energy-aware task scheduling algorithm by using both real-time and historical data in virtualization and service layers. After this, IoT devices can compute their tasks locally or offload to the edge/cloud server with the assistance of digital twins of the physical assets. Simulations are carried out to show the superiority of the proposed energy-aware task scheduling algorithm in terms of the task processing time and consumed energy in DTEN. © 2023 IEEE.
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    Optimal Location Assignment for Data-Driven Warehouse Towards Digital Supply Chain Twin
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Erel-Ozcevik M.; Ozcevik Y.; Bozkaya E.; Bilen T.
    Warehouses, as one of the critical components of supply chain management in Industry 4.0, play an important role in e-commerce operational efficiency. A crucial prerequisite for managing warehouses is to decide the locations of products (blocks) that can maximize overall space utilization, called a Block Location Problem (BLP). BLP basically determines the product locations to achieve maximum space utilization. One of the most innovative approaches to solving BLP is the use of drones as a block transportation strategy. Existing works have been mainly focused on 2D grid models while 3D flight movement is ignored. Thus, in this paper, we develop a novel data-driven warehouse model for digital supply chain twins. For this purpose, a warehouse digital twin (WDT) architecture is defined by creating a virtual replica of a warehouse that contains the features and interactions of its real-world counterpart. Then, we formalize the BLP in a 3D grid model to decide the location of blocks in a warehouse and to provide efficient space utilization by minimizing the energy consumption of drone cargo equipment. Finally, we propose a genetic algorithm-based solution to solve the storage location assignment. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves more block utilization and less energy consumption when compared to the greedy solution. © 2023 IEEE.
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    Work-in-Progress: Merkle Tree-Based Secure Routing for Digital Twin-Assisted Aircraft Network in 6G Wireless
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Bilen T.; Erel-Ozcevik M.; Bozkaya E.; Ozcevik Y.
    Providing Internet access above-the-clouds has made the development of aircraft networks more important than ever. However, new and emerging Internet applications have increased the challenge of providing seamless and real-time connectivity with traditional routing algorithms for aircraft networks in the upcoming 6G due to the highly-dynamic and unstable topology. Moreover, traditional routing mechanisms are prone to routing attacks, which can increase the packet transfer delay. To this end, in this paper, we present Merkle Tree-based secure routing mechanism with the assistance of digital twin. First, we construct a blockchain-based system with decentralized and distributed characteristics for the clustering of aircraft. Then, we propose a novel Merkle-Tree-based secure routing algorithm by combining real-time and historical data with digital twins. A Merkle tree is a data structure that contains gathered data from sender and receiver aircraft. Merkle root in an aircraft cluster forwards the gathered data to a satellite or a ground station in a secure manner. Accordingly, Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-256 is used for data integrity and a tree-based structure is built to reduce the number of transactions so that it is aimed to prevent malicious aircraft attacks. Finally, we show through a simulation environment, how blockchain processing time and the number of transactions can be reduced by meeting the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for aircraft networks in 6G. Furthermore, we also use Proof of Stake (PoS) to reduce the computational time for mining a block as well as reducing the packet delivery ratio and packet transfer delay. © 2023 IEEE.
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    Metaverse-Based Order Picking Optimization for Supply Chain of Things
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Erel-Ozcevik M.; Bozkaya-Aras E.; Bilen T.
    In recent years, with the rise of e-commerce and digital services, customers' expectations have affected supply chain management operations. The logistics industry reacts proactively by integrating new technologies into its systems to meet changing customer expectations. Among these technologies, a relatively new concept called Supply Chain of Things (SCoT) is an enabling technology for supply chain operations to increase productivity and automation. However, a large number of customer orders and increasing concerns about operating costs challenge efficient management and quality of service in SCoT. In this regard, this paper addresses the order-picking problem of minimizing delivery time and operating costs, including travel costs and total costs to the employer. Metaverse can be considered a feasible solution to address this problem due to its advantages of seamless and intelligent interaction between the physical world and the digital world. In this paper, we present a metaverse-based system architecture and design the network digital twin to enable intelligent real-time management of the SCoT environment. We formulate the order-picking problem and propose a genetic algorithm-based solution to satisfy customer demands on time with minimal operating costs by creating a digital twin of the supply chain system in the Metaverse. The simulation results show that the proposed solution achieves significant gains compared with baseline strategies in terms of the total cost to the employer while keeping order delivery time under the acceptable customer level. © 2024 IEEE.