Browsing by Author "Gökdag, C"
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Item From self-compassion to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: the mediator role of intolerance of uncertaintyKaçar-Basaran, S; Gökdag, CHigh intolerance of uncertainty (IoU) is a well-defined risk and maintenance factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies have identified different antecedents of IoU, adding low self-compassion to this list. High self-compassion may make it easier for people to cope with uncertain situations and reduce self-blame and control in these situations. Although the protective role of self-compassion in different psychopathologies has been examined, few studies have investigated its role in OCD. No study has investigated the importance of the relationship between self-compassion and IoU for OCD symptoms. Considering that individuals with high self-compassion tendencies do not impose negative feelings on themselves in the face of uncertainties and are more tolerant of them, the association between self-compassion and IoU might be necessary for OCD. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion, IoU, and OCD symptoms and test the mediating role of IoU between self-compassion and OCD symptoms. Four hundred-one adults voluntarily participated in the study and completed measures about self-compassion, IoU, OCD, depression, and anxiety. Results demonstrated the negative correlation between self-compassion and IoU and OCD. Mediation analysis results confirmed the hypothesis that self-compassion was associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms through the IoU when controlling for depression and anxiety symptoms, gender, and age. Our findings were consistent with recent studies showing the importance of self-related psychological constructs for OCD. Low self-compassion is a feature that needs to be examined in this context as an essential initiator of obsessions and compulsions.Item The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relationship between Temperament and Depressive SymptomsGökdag, C; Erdogan Yildirim, ZObjectives: Personality traits and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) play an active role in the emergence, maintenance, and treatment of depressive mood. Studies draw attention to the close relationship between temperament and character traits, EMSs, and depression. The first aim of this study is to examine the relationships between temperament, character traits, and EMSs. Secondly, we were interested to observe whether or not these variables explained depressive symptoms. Lastly, based on the previous findings and the idea that the development of EMSs is affected by temperament traits, the mediating role of EMSs in the relationship between harm avoidance and depressive symptoms was investigated. Method: Personal Information Form, Temperament and Character Inventory, Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3, and Beck Depression Inventory were applied to 205 undergraduate students (68% women). Results: Results showed the significant correlations among harm avoidance temperament trait, self-directedness, cooperativeness character traits, and with most of the EMSs. The disconnection schema domain, harm avoidance, and self-directedness personality traits predicted depressive symptoms. Moreover, controlling the gender effect, disconnection and unrelenting standards mediated the relationship between harm avoidance and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The findings supported the idea suggested by the schema theory that the temperament traits affect EMSs. We believe that these findings can support studies towards depression-prevention as well as the treatment of depressive individuals. Even without interfering with temperament characteristics of individuals, depressive symptoms might be reduced by working only with some of the EMSs.Item The relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation, personality traits, and psychopathology symptomsGökdag, C; Naldöken, BObjective: In recent years, it has been emphasized that emotion regulation is not only an internal process, but also has an interpersonal aspect that is associated with various variables. However, the relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation and personality traits has not been investigated yet. The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between interpersonal emotion regulation, personality traits, and psychopathology symptoms. Method: Three hundred ninety-one undergraduate women students recruited this study. Five Factor Personality Inventory-Short Form, Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Brief Symptoms Inventory were used as measurement tools. Results: People with high scores of extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness use others more to enhance positive emotions and to regulate their negative emotions. People with high neuroticism use others more for social modelling and to be soothed. The correlation results showed that personality traits, interpersonal emotion regulation strategies, and psychological symptoms were associated with each other. Also, multiple mediation analysis revealed that only soothing as an interpersonal emotion regulation strategy had a mediating role in the relationship between extraversion personality trait and general psychopathology symptoms. Discussion: Results showed that personality traits might affect using of interpersonal emotion regulation strategies. Some people seek out and use other people more to regulate their own emotions, which is associated with psychopathology symptoms. Extraverts easily reach others to be soothed when they feel negative emotions, and this might be protective from psychopathology.Item How parents assist children's emotion regulation in Turkey: The Turkish adaptation of the parental assistance with child emotion regulation (PACER) questionnairePala, FC; Gökdag, C; Özsoy, D; Hastaoglu, ZSParents play a critical role in emotional socialization and the development of emotion regulation during childhood. The tools to measure how parents assist children's emotion regulation are very limited. The Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire is a novel scale developed for this purpose with excellent psychometric properties. The aim of this study is to adapt the PACER to Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties in the Turkish cultural setting. The data were collected from 700 parents who have children aged birth to 17 years. In addition to the PACER, participants filled out some scales about their own beliefs and behaviors, also their children's psychological symptoms. We confirmed the original ten-factor structures of the PACER in a Turkish sample and the measurement invariance supported the PACER's structure across subgroups. The high internal consistencies of factors were achieved; however, the test-retest reliability was lower than expected. The factors of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination, expressive suppression, avoidance) were positively associated with parents' own emotion regulation deficit, symptoms, and child's symptoms, while others (e.g., reappraisal, problem-solving) were negatively associated with them. Overall, our results suggest that the Turkish version of the PACER is a psychometrically valid and reliable measurement to assess how parents support their children to regulate their emotions. We believe that this adaptation allows the scale to be used in developmental and clinical psychology studies and will pave the way for cross-cultural studies.Item Cognitive styles and behavioral systems: Linking looming cognitive style and reinforcement sensitivityAltan-Atalay, A; Gökdag, C; King, NBackground: Looming cognitive style, with its social and physical subtypes, is highly influential on how individuals perceive and respond to threats. Despite its robust relationship with anxiety, its relationship with other traits is underexplored. Revised reward sensitivity theory also addresses individual differences in approach, avoidance, and susceptibility to fear and anxiety. The current study examined associations of behavioral activation (BAS), inhibition (BIS), and fight-flight-freeze systems (FFFS) with social and physical looming. Method: Data were collected online from 401 adults (343 women) between the ages 18 and 65 (M = 22.78 (SD = 6.57) using measures of looming cognitive style, reinforcement sensitivity, anxiety, and depression. Results: The findings showed that social and physical looming were positively associated with BIS and FFFS, controlling for age, gender, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, social looming was negatively associated with BAS. Conclusions: The findings indicate that social and physical looming are linked to heightened sensitivity to threat and, in the case of social looming, reduced reward sensitivity. These results underscore the role of looming cognitive style in shaping anxiety-related behaviors and responses to environmental stimuli.Item The effects of two individual differences in emotional process on psychological problems: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation between emotional reactivity and distressGökdag, CBackground: Individual differences in emotional processes have crucial roles in developing and maintaining psychological problems. Emotional reactivity, as one of them, can be defined as how a person responds to emotional stimuli and how one experiences their own emotions in response to those stimuli, which is closely related to emotional disorder. Moreover, how people experience and regulate their negative feelings is closely associated with emotional disorders. This study aimed to test a model that the negative emotional reactivity explained psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) via emotion dysregulation. Methods: Data were collected from 385 adults with the Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale-Short Form, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. Results: Results showed significant positive associations among negative emotional reactivity (activation, duration, and intensity), difficulties in emotion regulation, and depression, anxiety, and stress severities. The tested fully latent structural equation model demonstrated that negative emotional reactivity was associated with psychological symptoms mediated by emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: The rapid activation, high intensity, and long duration of negative emotions might cause emotion dysregulation and explain psychological distress in this way. The results highlighted the importance of individual differences in developing emotion regulation for psychological distress.Item Trait Repetitive Negative Thinking: Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Brief Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10)Kaçar-Basaran, S; Gökdag, C; McEvoy, PMRepetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for many psychological problems, so it is essential to measure RNT validly and reliably across different cultural contexts. The 10-item brief version of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10) has strong psychometric properties and predicts a range of emotional symptoms. Although there are versions of the scale in different languages, it has not been adapted to Turkish. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of RTQ-10 in a Turkish-speaking community sample. A total of 310 adults (M-age = 27.86, SD = 8.67, 73.5% female) completed an online survey including RTQ-10, and 261 of them (M-age = 27.55, SDage = 8.56, 72.8% female) completed scales measuring perseverative thinking, rumination, worry, and psychological symptoms. Results demonstrated that the Turkish version of the RTQ-10 had a unitary structure with high internal reliability (& alpha; = .93), similar to the original version. The single-factor model also demonstrated measurement invariance across gender and age groups. The RTQ-10 was positively correlated with perseverative thinking, rumination, worry, depression, anxiety, and stress severities, and demonstrated incremental validity by predicting the variance in psychological distress beyond other measures of RNT. Overall, the results indicated that the Turkish version of the RTQ-10 is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the assessment of RNT.Item Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal pathways from social anxiety to depression: A six-month longitudinal studyGökdag, C; Peker, M; Akkus, KThis study examines the relationships between social anxiety, individual differences in emotion regulation strategies such as expressive suppression (ES) and cognitive reappraisal (CR), and their effects on depressive symptoms. Drawing upon a sample of 369 university students, the study employs a three-wave longitudinal design. Findings indicate a significant association between social anxiety and ES, but not with CR. Additionally, ES is positively associated with depressive symptoms, while CR is not. Path analysis results reveal that social anxiety at Time 1 predicts ES at Time 2, which, in turn, predicts depressive symptoms at Time 3. Furthermore, mediation analysis suggests that ES mediates the relationship between social anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of strategies aimed at reducing emotional suppression tendencies in clinical interventions targeting co-occurring social anxiety and depression.Item Looming Cognitive Style: How It Mediates the Association of Harm Avoidance with Trait and State Emotion Regulation DifficultiesAltan-Atalay, A; Gökdag, C; King, N; Tezel, S; Sözeri, YUnderstanding the factors that are associated with individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, which is one of the common transdiagnostic factors underlying many psychological disorders, is crucial for understanding and treating psychological disorders. The aim of the two investigations was to examine the mediator role of looming cognitive style (LCS) in the relationship of harm avoidance (HA) with both state and trait forms of ER difficulty. A total of 362 adults participated in Study 1 and 236 adults in Study 2. They completed measurements of HA, LCS, and ER. In Study 2, participants were induced into an anxious mood state and filled out a scale measuring ER in that process. Path analysis demonstrated that social looming between HA and trait ER and physical looming between HA and state ER had mediator roles. Finally, the alternative models which included HA and ER as the outcomes yielded poor fit. The results revealed that LCS significantly mediated the relationship of HA with both trait and state forms of ER difficulty, providing support for the model that aimed to explain how LCS contributes to the development and maintenance of psychological disorders.Item Testing a Transdiagnostic Model Including Distal and Proximal Risk Factors for Depression and AnxietyGökdag, C; Arkar, H; Pirildar, SThis study aimed to test a transdiagnostic model for depression and anxiety by including childhood trauma and parenting as the distal factors and neuroticism, emotion dysregulation, and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) as the proximal factors. Data were obtained from clinical (major depression, panic, generalized anxiety, or comorbid disorders) and nonclinical samples. Results showed that healthy controls had lower scores than the clinical sample in all measures. Moreover, participants with a single diagnosis had lower scores than those with comorbid diagnoses. The structural regression confirmed that the proximal factor represented by neuroticism, emotion dysregulation, and RNT had a mediating role between the distal factor represented by childhood trauma and negative parenting and emotional symptoms. Results refer to common vulnerability factors underlying depression and anxiety. Such findings indicate the transdiagnostic nature of the variables, provide new insight into psychopathology, and contribute to the development of common psychotherapy programs for emotional disorders.Item State-based measurement of emotion regulation: The Turkish versions of SERI and S-DERSGökdag, C; Günay, G; Demir, GRecent studies emphasize the importance of state-based measurement of emotion regulation because of its context-sensitive and flexible background. In many studies, emotion regulation is measured as state-based as well as trait-based; however, only a few offers standard measurements. The State Emotion Regulation Inventory (SERI) and the State-Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (S-DERS) are standardized scales specifically designed for this purpose. Ultimately, the aim of this study was to adapt these scales into Turkish and investigate their psychometric properties using a laboratory-based emotion induction procedure. The data were collected from 167 undergraduate students. They first filled out trait-based scales, were then recruited to the stage of negative emotional state induction, and, finally, responded to the question in the SERI and the S-DERS to evaluate their emotion regulation experiences during the emotion induction phase. As a result, we confirmed the four-factor structures of the scales with good internal consistencies. While the SERI had weak associations with emotion dysregulation, thought control, and psychological distress, the S-DERS had strong relationships with these variables. Moreover, the incremental validities of the SERI and the S-DERS were acceptable when predicting both negative emotional state and psychological distress. Overall, our results suggest that the SERI and S-DERS are psychometrically valid and reliable measurements to assess state emotion regulation in Turkish speakers.