Browsing by Author "Hazinedar Coskun, T"

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    GLASS LIGHT SOURCES OF BYZANTINE: FORESIGHTS ON THE LIGHTING OF THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH OF ANAIA
    Hazinedar Coskun, T
    In Byzantine religious and civil architectural structures, the light was provided by means of natural and artificial lighting devices. However, it is a known fact that, natural lighting objects are used more. Artificial lighting elements are mostly used at night and in places where natural light is insufficient. Some non-religious documents, regarding the enlightenment of religious buildings provide a little bit of information about the lighting system in churches. In this sense, it is known that churches are illuminated by lamps, candles, and light beams filtering through the window at certain times of the day, both during the day and at night. In Byzantium, window openings were initially closed with stone plates, but later, window glasses began to replace those stone plates. These glasses not only provide lighting in buildings, but also contribute to the mystical atmosphere in the space. In addition to window glasses, glass oil lamps are one of the popular lighting objects, especially in the Byzantine Period. It is possible to say that oil lamps have existed in various forms and with different lighting systems since the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Oil lamps can be made from ceramic, glass or metal materials. The most important factor in the frequent preference of glass lamps is that, glass does not limit the effect of light as in terracotta and metal lamps, and on the contrary, it increases the degree of illumination. In our text, primarily for the illumination of the monumental church of Anaia, window glasses that are natural lighting objects, and oil lamps, which are artificial lighting objects, will be mentioned. Archaeological finds indicate that the monumental church of Kadikalesi was illuminated with crown and sheet (flat) shaped window glasses. Contrary to the limited data on the frame systems of the window glass, the presence of many lead and metal fragments indicate that glass oil lamps were used in the church sheds light on the illumination of the church. As a matter of fact, lead wick holders, metal chains and various metal fragments were found together with broken glass oil lamp pieces in the places where the excavations were made. In this text, window glasses and oil lamps that are possible to belong to the Kadikalesi monumental church are introduced. From this point of view, the monumental church of Anaia must have been illuminated by stemmed lamps with straight or knotted stem placing on polycandles with four or eight holes. In addition to the stemmed lamps, the lamps with handles that provide longer-lasting illumination are also preferred objects for lighting in the castle. Although beakers oil lamps are rare examples, the fact that they come with metal pieces shows that they carry traces of the daily life of the church. Again, according to the findings, it is thought that crown shaped glasses with a convex center were mostly used. In addition, although they are few in number, it is clear that the sheet (flat) shaped ones, which were recovered together with a few frame pieces, were also located in the church. As a result, the oil lamps and window glasses used in the illumination of the Kadikalesi monumental church are in harmony with their contemporary examples and supporting each other with the metalwork found among the excavation finds.
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    WHAT A COLLECTION MAKES THINK: GLASS ARTIFACTS OF KORAY SELCIK'S COLLECTION
    Hazinedar Coskun, T
    The publications related national and international collections are admirable that bring new data to art history and archeology. In this way, many of the works in private collections are shared with scientists and enthusiasts which is the subject of our article that is the glass works of the Koray Selcik Collection. Five glass bottles, three pendants, a bowl and a stirring rod from the glass collection will be introduced in our article. Glass bottles are examples of free blowing techniques that are widely used, especially in a tradition from Rome to Byzantium, due to the low cost and practicality of manufacture. The glass bowl in the collection, which represents the subtype of the vessels known as Hofheim Cup, which occured in the Roman period, should have been one of the luxury objects of its time. The pendants, which are rare among glass artifacts, are among the popular glass jewelry' of the Roman and Byzantine periods. There is no written source about the purpose of the pendant. So these could be not only personal jewelry items, but also objects that were probably carried for health, charm and luck. String rods began to be seen during the Roman period and are often observed in the Roman rule. But there are still discussions about its function. In this context, an example that preserved as a whole in the collection is one of the glasses to be mentioned in our text.
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    BYZANTINE GLASS SAMPLES BELONGING TO SEASONS OF 2017-2020 IN KUSADASI, KADIKALESI EXCAVATION
    Hazinedar Coskun, T
    The excavations carried out in Kadikalesi on the south coast of Kusadasi have provided rich archaeological data to Byzantine glass research after twenty years. The finds also shed light on vessels likely to have been transported through the port of Anaia and thus, an important commercial production center of the Middle Ages. Among the glasses, those with original forms and top-class workmanship are in the majority. In addition to these, there are also medium quality ones for daily life with their blurred colors. It is very difficult to distinguish the mixed materials of the Medieval Ages production from the glass that belongs to the use of the building among the glasses scattered all over the castle, including the church. However, the fragments from the bema and the church's baptistery in recent years are at a level that refreshes our knowledge on this subject. As the earthquake debris in front of the monumental church's bema was removed, findings of the windows and lighting of the church were found. Similarly, another few glass finds that may be associated with the space came just below the topmost building layer while excavating the Early Christian Baptistery, which had been opened in recent years to the northwest of the church. Many glasses in the castle are the result of mass production to order. The archaeological data has shown that Kadikalesi's magnificent church housed glass workshops after an earthquake thought to have occurred in the mid-thirteenth century. Therefore, glass production in Kadikalesi/Anaia existed in a process that continued from the mid-thirteenth century to the early fourteenth century. The glasses that we assume were used in the castle, on the other hand, are distinguished from the others by their physical qualities as well as their structural content. These glasses differ in terms of color as well as being simpler in production, fuzzy and matte appearance. However, the aspect that gives the biggest clue about whether the glasses were for production or use are the places where they were found and other finds that were found in these areas. As a matter of fact, the glass fragments found during excavations were often found with metal parts such as chains, hangers, or layers of mortar. Kadikalesi glasses are examined under three headings: commercial, daily life and grave finds. In terms of numerical value, most of the finds are produced with glass. Apart from the mass-produced glass, mostly glass artifacts for individual use were found from the burials removed from many areas of the church. Glass finds are again divided into three groups in terms of their functions: lighting, daily use, and ornamental objects. Among these groups, the fragments of window glass and oil lamps were found, which were mostly used for lighting. Afterwards, glass pieces for daily use and ornamental purposes such as bracelets, glasses, bottles, goblets, and bowls come respectively. In this article, it is aimed to introduce and evaluate the mentioned Byzantine glass finds, which can be usage devices from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, with examples from the last four excavation seasons of the Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia Excavation.