Browsing by Author "Kara B."

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    Simultaneous folate intake may prevent advers effect of valproic acid on neurulating nervous system
    (2012) Umur A.S.; Selcuki M.; Bursali A.; Umur N.; Kara B.; Vatansever H.S.; Duransoy Y.K.
    Purpose: The aim of this study is to elucidate the preventive effect of folic acid (FA) on teratogenic effects of valporic acid (VA) in early stage chick embryos on neural tube development. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty specific pathogen-free (SPF) chick eggs were used to investigate the neurulation in five groups. Group A was the control group. Group B was injected 0.02 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) and was used for sham group. VA (0.72 mg) in 0.02 ml saline was injected in Group C, and 0.342 mcg of FA in 0.02 ml NaCl were administered to the embryos in Group D. VA (0.72 mg)+0.342 mcg of FA in 0.02 ml saline were administered simultaneously to the eggs in Group E. At the end of 72 h, all embryos were extracted from eggs and were fixed, and for histological analyses hematoxylin and eosine was used, for detection of apoptotic cells terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-X nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used and for distribution of P53, bcl-2 and caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8 and caspase-9 immunoperoxidase techniques were used. Results: While there were no neural tube defects in the embryos of groups A, B and D, eight embryos died in group C and there were 12 embryos with retarded embryological development. In contrast to that, no death was observed in group E, but only eight embryos were detected with maldevelopmental delay stage. Conclusion: These results suggested that VA may induce apoptotic mechanisms but not through the p53 pathway. In addition, FA effectively prevents the teratogenic influence of VA on chick embryo at neurulation stages by stopping cascade of apoptosis before caspase 3 expression. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
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    Evaluation of the effects of mobile phones on the neural tube development of chick embryos
    (Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Umur A.S.; Yaldiz C.; Bursali A.; Umur N.; Kara B.; Barutcuoglu M.; Vatansever S.; Selcuki D.; Selcuki M.
    Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of radiation of mobile phones on developing neural tissue of chick embryos. Material and Methods: There were 4 study groups. All Groups were placed in equal distance, from the mobile phones. Serial sections were taken from each Group to study the neural tube segments. Results: The TUNEL results were statistically significant (p<0.001) at 30 and 48 hours in the third Group. We found low Bcl-2 levels partly in Group 4 and increased activity in Group 3. Caspase-3 was negative in the 48 and 72 hours in the Control Group, had moderate activity in the third Group 3, weak activity in the 48 hour, and was negative in the 72 hour in other groups. Caspase-9 immunoreactivity was weak in Group 1, 2 and 3 at 30 hours and was negative in Group 1 and 4 at 48 and 72 hours. Caspase-9 activity in the third Group was weak in all three stages. Conclusion: Electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones caused developmental delay in chick embryos in early period. This finding suggests that the use of mobile phones by pregnant women may pose risks.
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    Shared Biological Pathways and Processes in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A Multicenter Study
    (Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022) Günay Ç.; Aykol D.; Özsoy Ö.; Sönmezler E.; Hanci Y.S.; Kara B.; Akkoyunlu Sünnetçi D.; Cine N.; Deniz A.; Özer T.; Ölçülü C.B.; Yilmaz Ö.; Kanmaz S.; Yilmaz S.; Tekgül H.; Yildiz N.; Acar Arslan E.; Cansu A.; Olgaç Dündar N.; Kusgoz F.; Didinmez E.; Gençpinar P.; Aksu Uzunhan T.; Ertürk B.; Gezdirici A.; Ayaz A.; Ölmez A.; Ayanoǧlu M.; Tosun A.; Topçu Y.; Kiliç B.; Aydin K.; Çaǧlar E.; Ersoy Kosvali Ö.; Okuyaz Ç.; Besen Ş.; Tekin Orgun L.; Erol İ.; Yüksel D.; Sezer A.; Atasoy E.; Toprak Ü.; Güngör S.; Ozgor B.; Karadaǧ M.; Dilber C.; Şahinoǧlu B.; Uyur Yalçin E.; Eldes Hacifazlioglu N.; Yaramiś A.; Edem P.; Gezici Tekin H.; Yilmaz Ü.; Ünalp A.; Turay S.; Biçer D.; Gül Mert G.; Dokurel Çetin İ.; Kirik S.; Öztürk G.; Karal Y.; Sanri A.; Aksoy A.; Polat M.; Özgün N.; Soydemir D.; Sarikaya Uzan G.; Ülker Üstebay D.; Gök A.; Yeśilmen M.C.; Yiś U.; Karakülah G.; Bursali A.; Oktay Y.; Hiz Kurul S.
    Background  Although the underlying genetic causes of intellectual disability (ID) continue to be rapidly identified, the biological pathways and processes that could be targets for a potential molecular therapy are not yet known. This study aimed to identify ID-related shared pathways and processes utilizing enrichment analyses. Methods  In this multicenter study, causative genes of patients with ID were used as input for Disease Ontology (DO), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. Results  Genetic test results of 720 patients from 27 centers were obtained. Patients with chromosomal deletion/duplication, non-ID genes, novel genes, and results with changes in more than one gene were excluded. A total of 558 patients with 341 different causative genes were included in the study. Pathway-based enrichment analysis of the ID-related genes via ClusterProfiler revealed 18 shared pathways, with lysine degradation and nicotine addiction being the most common. The most common of the 25 overrepresented DO terms was ID. The most frequently overrepresented GO biological process, cellular component, and molecular function terms were regulation of membrane potential, ion channel complex, and voltage-gated ion channel activity/voltage-gated channel activity, respectively. Conclusion  Lysine degradation, nicotine addiction, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways are well-suited to be research areas for the discovery of new targeted therapies in ID patients. © 2022 Hippokrates Verlag GmbH. All rights reserved.
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    Re-examining the characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis in the era of antibody-associated demyelinating syndromes
    (W.B. Saunders Ltd, 2022) Yılmaz Ü.; Gücüyener K.; Yavuz M.; Öncel İ.; Canpolat M.; Saltık S.; Ünver O.; Çıtak Kurt A.N.; Tosun A.; Yılmaz S.; Özgör B.; Erol İ.; Öztoprak Ü.; Elitez D.A.; Direk M.Ç.; Bodur M.; Teber S.; Anlar B.; Aykol D.; Yıldız E.P.; Yarar C.; Kara B.; Haspolat; İncecik F.; Kutluk G.; Dilber C.; Dundar N.O.; Tan H.; Demir E.; Dursun B.D.; Dilek T.D.; Türkdoğan D.; Yalnızoğlu D.; Akbaş S.; Güleç A.; Yılmaz D.; Ayanoğlu M.; Kanmaz S.; Güngör S.; Öztürk G.; Besen; Haliloğlu G.; Karaca N.B.; Öztürk S.; Yüksel D.; Gürkaş E.; Oktay S.; Serin H.M.; Karadağ M.; Hakkı Akbeyaz İ.; Yiş U.; Polat B.G.; Okan M.S.; Bektaş Ö.; Orgun L.T.; Günbey C.; Per H.; Gültutan P.; Öztürk S.B.; Aksoy E.; Akyüz G.; Tekgül H.; Kürekçi F.; Kurul A.S.H.; Çarman K.B.; Alikılıç D.; Duman Ö.; Kömür M.; Yıldırım M.; Alıcı N.; Gümüş H.; Polat M.; Konuşkan B.; Güngör O.; Mert G.G.; Edizer S.; Mıhçı F.; Öztürk S.T.; Toker R.T.; Arslan M.; Şahin S.; Gencpinar P.; Yıldırım E.; Yüksel E.; Ekici A.; Deniz A.; Yayici Köken Ö.; Okuyaz Ç.; Süt N.Y.; Atasoy E.; Solmaz İ.; Yetkin M.F.; Bilgin N.; Atasever A.K.; Tekin H.G.; Dokurel İ.; Özçelik A.; Aksoy A.; Türköz A.N.; Cavusoglu D.; Özkan M.; Tekin E.; Şahin T.U.; Ünalp A.; Koç H.; Sarıgeçili E.; Sarıtaş S.; Ayça S.; Kayılıoğlu H.; Şenoğlu M.Ç.; Kamaşak T.; Asadova N.; Keskin F.; Karaoğlu P.; İpek R.; Acer H.
    Background: The discovery of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG and anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG and the observation on certain patients previously diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) actually have an antibody-mediated disease mandated re-evaluation of pediatric MS series. Aim: To describe the characteristics of recent pediatric MS cases by age groups and compare with the cohort established before 2015. Method: Data of pediatric MS patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 were collected from 44 pediatric neurology centers across Türkiye. Clinical and paraclinical features were compared between patients with disease onset before 12 years (earlier onset) and ≥12 years (later onset) as well as between our current (2015–2021) and previous (<2015) cohorts. Results: A total of 634 children (456 girls) were enrolled, 89 (14%) were of earlier onset. The earlier-onset group had lower female/male ratio, more frequent initial diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), more frequent brainstem symptoms, longer interval between the first two attacks, less frequent spinal cord involvement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lower prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCBs). The earlier-onset group was less likely to respond to initial disease-modifying treatments. Compared to our previous cohort, the current series had fewer patients with onset <12 years, initial presentation with ADEM-like features, brainstem or cerebellar symptoms, seizures, and spinal lesions on MRI. The female/male ratio, the frequency of sensorial symptoms, and CSF-restricted OCBs were higher than reported in our previous cohort. Conclusion: Pediatric MS starting before 12 years was less common than reported previously, likely due to exclusion of patients with antibody-mediated diseases. The results underline the importance of antibody testing and indicate pediatric MS may be a more homogeneous disorder and more similar to adult-onset MS than previously thought. © 2022 European Paediatric Neurology Society
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    A multicenter study of radiologically isolated syndrome in children and adolescents: Can we predict the course?
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yılmaz D.; Teber S.; Gültutan P.; Yıldırım M.; Bektaş Ö.; Alikılıç D.; Güngör M.; Kara B.; Öncel İ.; Dilek T.D.; Saltık S.; Kanmaz S.; Yılmaz S.; Tekgül H.; Çavuşoğlu D.; Karaoğlu P.; Yılmaz Ü.; Orak S.A.; Güngör O.; Anlar B.
    Objectives: To evaluate clinical characteristics, imaging features and etiological profile of Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) along with clinical and radiological follow-up. Methods: Demographic, clinical and radiological data of patients younger than 18 years fulfilling the criteria for RIS were retrospectively analyzed. RIS was defined by the detection of lesions meeting the revised 2010 McDonald Criteria for dissemination in space on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the absence of any symptoms of demyelinating disease or an alternative cause for the MRI findings. Results: There were total 69 patients (38 girls, 31 boys). The median age at index MRI was 15.7 years, and median follow-up time was 28 months. The most common reason for neuroimaging was headache (60.9%). A first clinical event occurred with median 11 months in 14/69 (20%) of cases. Those with oligoclonal bands (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and follow-up longer than 3 years were more likely to experience a clinical event (p<0.05): 25% of those with OCB manifested clinical symptoms within the first year and 33.3% within the first two years compared to 6.3% and 9.4%, respectively in those without OCB. Radiological evolution was not associated with any variables: age, sex, reason for neuroimaging, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, elevated IgG index, OCB positivity, total number and localization of lesions, presence of gadolinium enhancement, achievement of 2005 criteria for DIS and duration of follow-up. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with RIS and CSF OCB should be followed-up for at least 3 years in order to detect any clinical symptoms suggestive of a demyelinating event. Because disease-modifying treatments are not approved in RIS and no consensus report justifies their use especially in pediatric RIS, close follow-up of OCB-positive patients is needed for early recognition of any clinical event and timely initiation of specific treatment. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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    Therapeutic implications of etiology-specific diagnosis of early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EO-DEEs): A nationwide Turkish cohort study
    (W.B. Saunders Ltd, 2024) Kanmaz S.; Tekgul H.; Kayilioglu H.; Atas Y.; Kart P.O.; Yildiz N.; Gumus H.; Aydin K.; Olculu C.B.; Dogan D.E.T.; Per H.; Canpolat M.; Gulec A.; Yildirim N.; Turk E.; Celik N.; Ozturk S.; Kumandas S.; Kilic B.; Topcu Y.; Ozpinar E.; Coskun A.; Arslan M.; Akkoyunlu D.S.; Cine N.; Uzan G.S.; Gunay C.; Akyol D.; Ersoy O.; Direk M.C.; Komur M.; Kirkgoz H.; Karaoğlu P.; Ibis I.B.P.; Cerci C.; Orak A.; Oktay S.; Ayanoglu M.; Yildirim M.; Bektas O.; Serdaroglu E.; Yilmaz S.B.; Cankurt I.; Hirfanoglu T.; Arhan E.; Gencpinar P.; Dundar N.O.; Teber S.; Serin H.M.; Yilmaz S.; Tosun A.; Polat M.; Yilmaz U.; Unalp A.; Kara B.; Okuyaz C.; Yis U.; Hiz S.; Aktan G.; Gokben S.; Unay B.; Serdaroglu A.; Cansu A.
    Objective: To evaluate the etiology-specific diagnosis of early-onset developmental epileptic encephalopathies (EO-DEEs) in a nationwide Turkish cohort to determine the implications for therapeutic management. Methods: The cohort comprised 1450 patients who underwent EO-DEE. The utility of genetic testing was assessed with respect to the initial phases of next generation sequencing (NGS) (2005–2013) and the current NGS era (2014–2022). A predefined four-stepwise diagnostic model was evaluated using cost-effectiveness analysis. The diagnostic and potential therapeutic yields of the genetic tests were subsequently determined. Results: Gene-related EO-DEEs were identified in 48.3 % (n = 701) of the cohort: non-structural genetic (62.6 %), metabolic genetic (15.1 %), and structural genetic (14.1 %). The most common nonstructural genetic variants were SCN1A (n = 132, 18.8 %), CDKL5 (n = 30, 4.2 %), STXBP1 (n = 21, 2.9 %), KCNQ2 (n = 21, 2.9 %), and PCDH19 (n = 17, 2.4 %). The rate of ultra-rare variants (< 0.5 %) was higher in the NGS era (52 %) than that in the initial phase (36 %). The potential therapeutic yields with precision therapy and antiseizure drug modification were defined in 34.5 % and 56.2 % in genetic-EO-DEEs, respectively. The diagnostic model provided an etiology-specific diagnosis at a rate of 78.7 %: structural (nongenetic) (31.4 %), genetic (38.5 %), metabolic (6.1 %), and immune-infectious (2.8 %). Based on a cost-effectiveness analysis, the presented diagnostic model indicated the early implementation of whole-exome sequencing for EO-DEEs. Significance: In the present cohort, the higher rate (48.3 %) of gene-related EO-DEE diagnoses in the NGS era provides a potential therapeutic management plan for more patients. © 2024 British Epilepsy Association
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    Corrigendum to “Re-examining the characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis in the era of antibody-associated demyelinating syndromes” [Europ. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 41 (2022) 8–18 doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.08.006, (S1090379822001246), (10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.08.006)]
    (W.B. Saunders Ltd, 2024) Yılmaz Ü.; Gücüyener K.; Yavuz M.; Ibrahim Oncel; Canpolat M.; Saltık S.; Ünver O.; Çıtak Kurt A.N.; Tosun A.; Yılmaz S.; Özgör B.; Ilknur Erol; Öztoprak Ü.; Elitez D.A.; Çobanoğulları Direk M.; Bodur M.; Teber S.; Anlar B.; Erol İ.; Aykol D.; Direk M.Ç.; Yıldız E.P.; Yarar C.; Kara B.; Haspolat; İncecik F.; Kutluk G.; Dilber C.; Dundar N.O.; Tan H.; Öncel İ.; Demir E.; Dursun B.D.; Dilek T.D.; Türkdoğan D.; Yalnızoğlu D.; Akbaş S.; Güleç A.; Yılmaz D.; Ayanoğlu M.; Kanmaz S.; Güngör S.; Öztürk G.; Besen; Haliloğlu G.; Karaca N.B.; Öztürk S.; Yüksel D.; Gürkaş E.; Oktay S.; Serin H.M.; Karadağ M.; Akbeyaz İ.H.; Yiş U.; Polat B.G.; Okan M.S.; Bektaş Ö.; Orgun L.T.; Günbey C.; Per H.; Gültutan P.; Öztürk S.B.; Aksoy E.; Akyüz G.; Tekgül H.; Kürekçi F.; Hız Kurul A.S.; Çarman K.B.; Alikılıç D.; Duman Ö.; Kömür M.; Yıldırım M.; Alıcı N.; Gümüş H.; Polat M.; Konuşkan B.; Güngör O.; Mert G.G.; Edizer S.; Mıhçı F.; Öztürk S.T.; Toker R.T.; Arslan M.; Şahin S.; Gencpinar P.; Yıldırım E.; Yüksel E.; Ekici A.; Deniz A.; Köken Ö.Y.; Okuyaz Ç.; Süt N.Y.; Atasoy E.; Solmaz İ.; Yetkin M.F.; Bilgin N.; Atasever A.K.; Tekin H.G.; Dokurel İ.; Özçelik A.; Aksoy A.; Türköz A.N.; Cavusoglu D.; Özkan M.; Tekin E.; Şahin T.U.; Ünalp A.; Koç H.; Sarıgeçili E.; Sarıtaş S.; Ayça S.; Kayılıoğlu H.; Şenoğlu M.Ç.; Kamaşak T.; Asadova N.; Keskin F.; Karaoğlu P.; İpek R.; Acer H.
    The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. © 2024 European Paediatric Neurology Society
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    Optic neuritis in Turkish children and adolescents: A multicenter retrospective study
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Direk M.Ç.; Besen Ş.; Öncel İ.; Günbey C.; Özdoğan O.; Orgun L.T.; Sahin S.; Cansu A.; Yıldız N.; Kanmaz S.; Yılmaz S.; Tekgül H.; Türkdoğan D.; Ünver O.; Thomas G.Ö.; Başıbüyük S.; Yılmaz D.; Kurt A.N.; Gültutan P.; Özsoy Ö.; Yiş U.; Kurul S.H.; Güngör S.; Özgör B.; Karadağ M.; Dündar N.O.; Gençpınar P.; Bildik O.; Orak S.A.; Kabur Ç.Ç.; Kara B.; Karaca Ö.; Canpolat M.; Gümüş H.; Per H.; Yılmaz Ü.; Karaoğlu P.; Ersoy Ö.; Tosun A.; Öztürk S.B.; Yüksel D.; Atasoy E.; Gücüyener K.; Yıldırım M.; Bektaş Ö.; Çavuşoğlu D.; Yarar Ç.; Güngör O.; Mert G.G.; Sarıgeçili E.; Edizer S.; Çetin İ.D.; Aydın S.; Diler B.; Özdemir A.A.; Erol İ.; Okuyaz Ç.; Anlar B.
    Background: Various etiologies may underlie optic neuritis, including autoantibody-mediated disorders described in the last decade. We re-examined demographic, clinical, laboratory features and prognostic factors in pediatric patients with autoimmune optic neuritis according to current knowledge. Methods: Cases of pediatric ON from 27 centers in Türkiye diagnosed between 2009 and 2022 were included for retrospective evaluation. Results: The study included 279 patients, 174 females and 105 males, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.65. The average age at onset was 12.8 ± 3.4 years, and mean follow-up, 2.1 years (range: 1–12.1 years). Patients <10 years old were grouped as "prepubertal" and those ≥10 years old as "others”. The diagnoses made at the end of follow-up were multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis (n = 90, 32.3 %), single isolated optic neuritis (n = 86, 31 %), clinically isolated syndrome (n = 41, 14.7 %), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis (n = 22, 7.9 %), and relapsing isolated optic neuritis (n = 18, 6.5 %). Predominant diagnoses were myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated optic neuritis in the prepubertal group and multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis in the older group. Recurrences were observed in 67 (24 %) patients, including 28 with multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis, 18 with relapsing isolated optic neuritis, 11 with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis, 8 with aquaporin-4 antibody related optic neuritis, and 2 with chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy. Recurrences were more common among female patients. Findings supporting the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis included age of onset ≥ 10 years (OR=1.24, p = 0.027), the presence of cranial MRI lesions (OR=26.92, p<0.001), and oligoclonal bands (OR=9.7, p = 0.001). Treatment in the acute phase consisted of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (n = 46, 16.5 %), pulse methylprednisolone with an oral taper (n = 212, 76 %), and combinations of pulse methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, or intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 21, 7.5 %). Outcome at 12 months was satisfactory, with 247 out of 279 patients (88.5 %) demonstrating complete recovery. Thirty-two patients exhibited incomplete recovery and further combination treatments were applied. Specifically, patients with relapsing isolated optic neuritis and aquaporin-4 antibody related optic neuritis displayed a less favorable prognosis. Conclusion: Our results suggest optic neuritis is frequently bilateral in prepubertal and unilateral in peri‑ or postpubertal patients. Age of onset 10 or older, presence of oligoclonal bands, and brain MRI findings reliably predict the development of multiple sclerosis. The risk of developing multiple sclerosis increases mostly during the second and third years of follow-up. Relapsing isolated optic neuritis remains a separate group where the pathogenesis and outcome remain unclear. Investigation of predisposing and diagnostic biomarkers and long follow-up could help to define this group. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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    Relationship Between Abdominal Muscle and Pelvic Floor Muscle Activation in Elderly Individuals with Urinary Incontinence
    (Springer Nature, 2025) Dönbak B.Ş.; Seçer M.B.; Aktaş M.; Tosun Ö.Ç.; Kara B.; Tosun G.
    Introduction and Hypothesis: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between abdominal muscles and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) activation in elderly individuals with urinary incontinence (UI). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 43 elderly individuals (27 women, 16 men) with UI in a nursing home. Superficial electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the contraction and relaxation activities of the PFM and abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal obliques, external obliques). The Overactive Bladder Awareness Questionnaire (OAB-V8) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form (UDI-6) were used to assess incontinence symptoms and severity. The Geriatric Self-Efficacy Index for Urinary Incontinence (GSE-UI) was used to evaluate the level of self-efficacy. Quality of life was assessed using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ-7) and the Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (I-QOL). Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: A moderate positive correlation was found between PFM work MVC and RA work MVC (r 0.540, p 0.001), IO work MVC (r 0.485, p 0.002), and RA rest MVC (r 0.441, p 0.006). When analyzed by gender, significant differences were found in the average activity of RA contraction, average activity of EO contraction, and normalized MVC values (p 0.035, p 0.048, p 0.001). When analyzed by incontinence type, significant differences were found in the TA relaxation MVC and average activity of IO contraction (p 0.006, p 0.011). Conclusions: There is a relationship between the functions of PFM and abdominal muscles in individuals with UI. Additionally, EMG data during both abdominal and PFM contractions are higher in men at this age. Incontinence type may affect abdominal muscle function. © The International Urogynecological Association 2025.