Browsing by Author "Kula I."
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Item Effects of colemanite waste, cool bottom ash, and fly ash on the properties of cement(2001) Kula I.; Olgun A.; Erdogan Y.; Sevinc V.In this study, the physical and chemical properties of colemanite ore waste from concentrator, coal bottom ash, fly ash, cement+ash mixtures, cement+colemanite ore waste, and their effects on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. These materials with different proportion were substituted with Portland cement. Physical properties such as setting time, volume expansion, and compressive strength were determined and compared to reference mixture and Turkish standards (TS). The results showed that cement replacement materials had clear effects on the mechanical properties. The use of fly ash and bottom ash even at the concentration of 25% showed either comparable or better result compared to reference mixture. Although replacement of Portland cement by 9 wt.% of colemanite ore waste causes reduction in the compressive strength, the values obtained are within the limit of TS. As a result, colemanite ore waste, fly ash, and bottom ash may be used as cementitious materials. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.Item An investigation on the use of tincal ore waste, fly ash, and coal bottom ash as Portland cement replacement materials(2002) Kula I.; Olgun A.; Sevinc V.; Erdogan Y.The possibility of using tincal ore waste (TW), coal bottom ash (BA), and fly ash (FA) as partial replacement in concrete was examined through a number of tests. The properties examined include setting time, compressive strength, mortar expansion, water consistency of mortar, and microstructure. The results showed that compressive strength of all specimens containing 1 wt.% of TW was higher than that of the control at the 28th day of curing. At 90 days, the contribution to strength by BA+TW and FA+TW was higher than in the concrete-prepared equivalent TW beyond 3 wt.% of Portland cement (PC) replacement. With the replacement of 3-5 wt.% of PC by TW, the compressive strength of the concrete decreased compared to control concrete. However, the values obtained are within the limit of Turkish Standards (TS). Adding BA or FA with TW improved the performance relative to TW replacement only. Increasing replacement of TW gives rise to a higher setting time. As a result, TW, BA, and FA samples may be used as cementitious materials. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from olive stone by ZnCl2 activation(2008) Kula I.; Uǧurlu M.; Karaoǧlu H.; Çelik A.This study is aimed to remove Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption. As adsorbent, activated carbon prepared from olive stone, an agricultural solid by-product was used. Different activating agent (ZnCl2) amounts and adsorbent particle size were studied to optimize adsorbent surface area. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different parameters such as, adsorbent dose, temperature, equilibrium time and pH. According to the experiments results, the equilibrium time, optimum pH, adsorbent dosage were found 60 min, pH > 6 and 1.0 g/50 ml respectively. The kinetic data supports pseudo-second order model and intra-particle model but shows very poor fit for pseudo-first order model. Adsorption isotherms were obtained from three different temperatures. These adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters, standard free energy (ΔG0), standard enthalpy (ΔH0), standard entropy (ΔS0) of the adsorption process were calculated. To reveal the adsorptive characteristics of the produced active carbon, BET surface area measurements were made. Structural analysis was performed using SEM-EDS. The resulting activated carbons with 20% ZnCl2 solution was the best sample of the produced activated carbons from olive stone with the specific surface area of 790.25 m2 g-1. The results show that the produced activated carbon from olive stone is an alternative low-cost adsorbent for removing Cd(II). © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item A study of trace element contents in plants growing at Honaz Dagi-Denizli, Turkey; [Honaz Daǧı-Denizli, Türkiye'de yetişen bitkilerde i̇z element i̇çerikleri üzerine bir çalışma](Ekoloji, 2009) Baslar S.; Kula I.; Dogan Y.; Yildiz D.; Ay G.Denizli is one of the rapidly developing states in the West Anatolian Region of Turkey. Keeping this in view, 30 different plants were selected to study their potential as biomonitors of trace elements like Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn (μg g-1, dry weight). The samples were collected from two different altitudes of Honaz Dagi, a mauntain overlooking at state of Denizli. The concentrations of trace elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The mean concentrations determined at 1000 m altitude ranged between 0.273 to 0.488, 0.099 to 0.488, 0.306 to 0.682, 1.017 to 3.744, and 0.148 to 0.674 (μg g-1, dry weight), of Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn, respectively. At 1600 m altitude, the values ranged between 0.225 to 0.534, 0.150 to 0.842, 0.234 to 0.905, 1.082 to 3.864 and 0.023 to 0.982 (μg g-1, dry weight) of Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb and Mn, respectively. No Cd was detected at both altitudes.Item Determination of trace elements in the plants of Mt. Bozdag, Izmir, Turkey(2010) Yildiz D.; Kula I.; Ay G.; Baslar S.; Dogan Y.The aim of this study was to determine the current level of atmospheric heavy metal content on the Bozdag Mountain of the Aegean Region, Turkey. Twenty nine different plants were selected to study their potential as biomonitors of trace elements such as Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd (μg g-1, dry weight). The samples were collected from two different altitudes of Mt. Bozdag. The concentrations of trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations determined at 1000 m altitude ranged from 0.025 to 1.609, 0.232 to 0.731, 0.578 to 5.983, 0.287 to 0.565 and 0.176 to 2.659 (μg g-1, dry weight), for Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb and Mn, respectively. At the altitude of 1600 m, the values ranged from 0.023 to 0.939, 0.258 to 1.254, 0.839 to 5.176, 0.301 to 1.341 and 0405 to 3.351 (μg g-1, dry weight) for Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb and Mn, respectively. No Cd was detected at either altitude. Statistical significance was determined by the independent sample t-test and comparisons were made in order to determine if there were any differences between the averages of herbaceous and woody plants.Item Trace element contents in plants growing at Mt. Akdag, Denizli(2010) Kula I.; Yildiz D.; Dogan Y.; Ay G.; Baslar S.The present study was conducted to determine the current level of atmospheric heavy metal pollution in the Akdag Mountain of Denizli Province. The increase in industrial activities and human population and the high urbanization in Denizli and its environs have made it one of the rapid developing cities in the Western Anatolian part of Turkey. For this reason, Akdag Mountain of Denizli was chosen as the study area. Twenty nine different plants were selected to study their potential as biomonitors of trace elements such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn (μg g∼1, dry weight). The samples were collected from two different altitudes of Akdag, a mountain overlooking at Denizli province. The concentrations of trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations determined at 1000 m altitude ranged from 0.329 to 0.487, 0.011 to 0.882, 0.241 to 0.714, 0.532 to 9.396, and 0.155 to 3.439 (μg-1, dry weight), for Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn, respectively. At 1600 m altitude, the values ranged from 0.263 to 0.889, 0.092 to 0.600, 0.272 to 0.834,1.130 to 8.021 and 0.076 to 0.508 (μgg-1, dry weight) for Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn, respectively. No Cd was detected at both altitudes. Statistical significance was determined by the independent sample t-test. In the independent sample t-test, comparisons were made in order to determine whether there were any differences between the averages of the herbaceous plants and woody plants.