Browsing by Author "Ozbilgin, K"
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Item Regulatory-T, T-Helper 1, and T-Helper 2 Cell Differentiation in Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Rhinitis with Olive Pollen SensitivitySogut, A; Yilmaz, O; Kirmaz, C; Ozbilgin, K; Onur, E; Celik, O; Pinar, E; Vatansever, S; Dinc, G; Yuksel, HBackground: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disease in which T-helper (Th)2 response is predominant and its pathogenic mechanism is still poorly understood. Aim: To evaluate the possible role of Th1, Th2 and regulatory-T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of AR. Methods: This case-control study enrolled 41 patients with seasonal AR (10-62 years old), sensitive to olive pollens, and 15 healthy controls (18-60 years old). Nasal biopsy was performed and specimens of nasal lavage fluid were obtained from all participants. The levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were measured in nasal lavage fluid specimens. The expression of FOXP3, GATA-3 and T-bet was measured by immunohistochemical methods in the nasal biopsy specimens. Results: The levels of IFN-gamma in the group with AR were significantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.008). The levels of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta did not differ between the two groups. The expression of FOXP3 and T-bet in patients with AR was significantly lower than that in the control group (both p = 0.001). Expression of GATA-3 in the nasal mucosa was similar between the groups (p = 0.2). The ratios of T-bet/GATA-3 and FOXP3/GATA-3 in the AR group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Insufficient Treg and Th1 cells may be associated with the allergic inflammation that may be attributed to the Th2 immune response in patients suffering from AR who are sensitive to olive pollen. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, BaselItem Differentation of human spermatogenetic stem cells from azospermia patients to make sperm-like cellsGozuacik, D; Vatansever, HS; Kara, B; Calimlioglu, N; Yasar, P; Tavmergen, E; Goker, ET; Semerci, B; Baka, M; Ozbilgin, KItem Clinical and histological changes of intrathecally administered gadopentate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) in normal ratsMavioglu, H; Tuglu, I; Temiz, C; Ozbilgin, K; Cilaker, S; Selcuki, D; Selcuki, MObjectives: This study is carried out to explore clinical and histological changes induced in rats by intrathecal administration of Gd-DTPA via suboccipital spinal injection. 2.5, 5, 10 mu mol/g-brain of Gd-DTPA were injected intrathecally to 43 adult male rats and sucrose as control solution with same volume and osmolarity were injected to 18 rats. Animals were sacrificed on day 4 and 14. Sections from the cortex, brain stem, cerebellum and medulla spinalis were obtained to examine for cell loss and apoptosis. In this study, no clinical abnormalities were observed in 69.8 % of rats of Gd-DTPA group and in 83.3 % of rats of sucrose group. Transient neurological signs such as ataxia and paresis were seen in 11.6 % of rats in the Gd-DTPA group and in 5.5 % of rats in the sucrose group. They were seen more frequently in the Gd-DTPA group especially in the highest dose and volume. Histological examination did not revealed necrosis or apoptosis in both groups. This study suggests that intrathecally administered Gd-DTPA may be safe in humans when lower doses per gram of brain are used than rats.Item Increased expression of angiogenic markers in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitisKirmaz, C; Ozbilgin, K; Yuksel, H; Bayrak, P; Unlu, H; Giray, G; Kiliccioglu, BBackground. Increased vascularity due to neo-angiogenesis is an essential part of airway remodelling. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34 and von Willebrand's factor (FvW) are known angiogenic markers. Angiogenesis and airway remodelling has been documented in asthma but not in allergic rhinitis. Objective We aimed to investigate the presence of increased angiogenesis and its relation to angiogenic molecules, namely VEGF, CD34 and FvW, in endothelial cells of nasal mucosa in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), using three different immunohistochemical analysis methods, namely HSCORE, microvessel density (MVD) and vascular surface density (VSD). The findings in allergic rhinitis were compared with the findings in nasal septal deviation (NSD), which is not associated with increased angiogenesis. Methods. Twenty patients with symptomatic SAR, who were not under treatment, were enrolled in the study. Ten patients with NSD, who needed surgical therapy, served as the control group. Demographic characteristics did not differ between the two groups. Inferior turbinate biopsy was obtained from SAR patients and control patients, under local anaesthesia and during surgery respectively. All biopsies were evaluated for angiogenesis on the basis of VEGF, CD34 and FvW by two blinded histologists using three immumohistochemical analysis methods (HSCORE, MVD and VSD). Results. HSCORE, estimated on the basis of each staining technique, showed statistically significant differences among the two groups (p=0.002; p=0.045; p=0.016, respectively). Anti-CD34 and anti-VEGF showed higher MVD values in SAR when compared to the controls (p=0.038; p=0,009, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in Anti-FvW-based MVD between SAR patients and controls (p=0.071). The measurements of VSD for FvW and VEGF from nasal biopsy specimens displayed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.004; p=0.0001, respectively). However, measurement of VSD for CD-34 was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.086). On the other hand, morphometric data obtained by all three methods did not correlated. Conclusion. There are a few studies that have investigated the essential role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. We conclude that, increased angiogenesis may be as prominent in patients with allergic rhinitis as in patients with non-allergic nasal pathologies and may play an important role in the remodelling of nasal mucosa of subjects with SAR.Item The distributions of apoptosis and related proteins in ovarian endometriosisVatansever, HS; Inan, S; Giray, G; Sayhan, S; Ozbilgin, K; Sanci, MItem Effects of allergen specific immunotherapy on functions of Th and Treg cells in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitisKirmaz, C; Kirgiz, O; Degirmenci, P; Yilmaz, Ö; Vatansever, S; Ozbilgin, K; Onur, E; Celik, O; Sogut, A; Ay, G; Yuksel, HItem Effects of 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) via the JAK/STAT pathwayUluer, ET; Aydemir, I; Inan, S; Ozbilgin, K; Vatansever, HSAberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway may predispose to malignancy as a consequence of the deregulation of cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis such as in cancer of the blood, head and neck, and breast. In our study we aimed to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) via the JAK/STAT pathway. Distribution of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 were evaluated on MCF-7 cells following gemcitabine and 5-FU treatment and in the absence of drug treatment by an indirect immunohistochemical method. It was observed that JAK1, JAK3, STAT5 and particularly STAT2 activation were more effective than the other JAK/STATs in breast cancer progression. Following treatment with 5-FU, JAK1 and STAT5 immunoreactivities were decreased in MCF-7 cells in comparison with both gemcitabine-treated and non-treated groups. These results suggest that the JAK/STAT pathway plays an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis and may be more affected after 5-FU treatment rather than gemcitabine. Drugs which block STAT5 may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer. (c) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Item Increased vascular surface density in ovarian endometriosisInan, S; Kuscu, NK; Vatansever, S; Ozbilgin, K; Koyuncu, F; Sayhan, SOur goal in this study was to investigate the presence of atigiogenesis-related factors in endometriomas by evaluating their vascular surface densities. Thirty ovarian samples were included in the study. Of these, ten were histologically confirmed endometriomas, ten were ovarian specimens in the follicular phase and ten were ovarian specimens in the luteal phase, serving as controls. Histological specimens were immunostained for von Willebrand factor (vWF: factor VIII-related antigen) and CD34. The area with the highest microvessel density in endometriosis and in the normal ovary was evaluated by using an intercept grid. All microvessels in a specific field (X 100 magnification) were counted and vascular surface density was measured, as 164.01 +/- 21.26 vs. 125.15 +/- 11.28 and 117.44 +/- 9.27 by using vWF, and as 172.97 +/- 25.64 vs. 138.65 +/- 32.21 and 120.34 +/- 18.40 by using CD34 in endometriotic, follicular and luteal ovarian samples, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean vascular surface density was significantly higher in endometriosis than in the ovarian samples of the follicular phase or the luteal phase. No significant difference was seen between normal ovarian samples. Endometriosis was associated with angiogenic properties. Having demonstrated elevated angiogenic factors in endometriotic samples, we concluded that activation of angiogenesis might be a key factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.Item The effects of hypoxia on cancer stem cells in mouse neuroblastoma cell lineUluer, ET; Onal, T; Tuglu, MI; Ozbilgin, K; Vatansever, HSItem The role of hypoxia related angiogenesis in uterine smooth muscle tumorsUluer, ET; Inan, S; Ozbilgin, K; Karaca, F; Dicle, N; Sanci, MMechanisms of hypoxia-related angiogenesis are important for uterine smooth muscle tumors. Factors that are related to angiogenesis during hypoxia include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1 alpha), T-cell intracellular antigen1 (TIA1), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). We investigated immunoreactivities of VEGF, HIF1 alpha, TIA1, eIF2 alpha and TSP1 using an indirect immunoperoxidase method for formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumors that had been diagnosed as leiomyoma (LMY), cellular leiomyoma (CLM) or leiomyosarcoma (LMS). TSP1 immunoreactivity was scored as moderate, mild or minimal, while VEGF, eIF2 alpha and TIA1 immunoreactivities were scored as mild, moderate and strong in LMY, CLM and LMS samples, respectively. HIF1 alpha immunoreactivity was scored as mild to minimal in LMY, CLM and LMS samples, but showed no statistically significant differences among samples. Although angiogenic factors showed strong immunohistochemical staining intensity in LMS, anti-angiogenic factors showed minimal immunohistochemical intensity. There was no difference in HIF-1 alpha immunoreactivity compared to LMY, CLM and LMS samples. We suggest that HIF1 alpha protein synthesis could be suppressed by eIF2 alpha and TIA1. Furthermore, VEGF could be activated by pathways such as COX2, Ras, NF-kappa B or c-myc instead of HIF1 alpha. Angiogenesis could trigger and accelerate tumor development; therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy could be useful for treatment of tumors.Item TGF-βs and SMADs Activities at the Site of Failed Neural Tube in the Human EmbryosBarutcuoglu, M; Umur, AS; Vatansever, HS; Umur, N; Ozbilgin, K; Sayhan, S; Selcuki, MAIM: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and Smads control intracellular signaling pathways in neurulation. Although previously reported similar experimental animal studies, the aim of this human study is to investigate the expression of TGF-beta (1,2,3) and Smads (1,2,3,6,7) in aborted human fetuses with myeloschisis. MATERIAL and METHODS: Twelve human fetuses with neural tube defect were obtained. They were stained with antibodies against TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2,TGF-beta 3, Smad (1,2,3), Smad 6 and Smad 7 using the indirect immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: We noted mild immune reactivity of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 in the open neural plate, motor neurons and surrounding tissue. Strong immune reactivity of TGF-beta 3 was shown in only open neural plate and surrounding tissue. Immunoreactivity of all Smads noted negative except Smad7. CONCLUSION: These results suggested at the site where the neural tube failed to close, TGF-beta 1,2 and Smads 1,2,3,6 do not continue their activity and decrease with internal timing of embryonic development. Additionally ectodermal layers are considered by embryo asnot closed wound and TGF-beta 3 activity may be an effort to repair the failed closure.Item Role of Proopiomelanocortin in Preventing MiscarriageOzbilgin, K; Kahraman, B; Atay, C; Vatansever, S; Uluer, ET; Özçakir, TOBJECTIVE: To compare the distribution of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in decidua and placenta samples from missed abortion and voluntary termination cases in order to research the effects in the etiology of missed abortion. STUDY DESIGN: Decidual materials were collected from patients who were diagnosed with missed abortion (n=19) and legal voluntary termination cases (n=15) under 10 gestational weeks. Materials were divided into 2 groups for examination. For all samples, POMC primary antibody was performed by immunohistochemical staining. The number of stained cells was calculated by using the H-score technique. RESULTS: In the missed abortion group the mean age was 28.7 (18-41), and in the control group the mean age was 27.5 (21-37). POMC immunoreactivity was determined to be lower in the parenchyma and placenta of the missed abortion group than those of the control group. POMC immunoreactivities were found to be higher in both the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells of the missed abortion group than those of the control group (p <0.005). CONCLUSION: POMC polypeptide precursor and process. Local production has become a paradigmatic has a role in the partiirition of POMC in placenta and decidua may influence pregnancy and may have a role in missed abortion pathogenesis.Item Histopathological and ultrastructural effects of Losartan on embryonic rat kidneyAkil, I; Inan, S; Gurcu, B; Nazikoglu, A; Ozbilgin, K; Muftuoglu, SThe aim of our study was to investigate the histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural effects of Losartan (a selective angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker) on renal development in rats. Twelve pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups. In the experimental group, Losartan (10mg/kg/day) was given via nasogastric tube, between the sixth day of implantation and time of sacrifice on embryonic days 18 and 20. All formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded renal tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or labelled for binding of primary antibodies against transforming growth factor-it (TGF-beta 1,-2,-3) using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. For electron microscopic examination, samples were fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in araldite. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness was measured and compared using an unpaired t-test. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor antagonism by Losartan inhibited renal growth and delayed nephron maturation. Increased immunoreactivity of TGF-beta's was observed in developing nephron precursors and interstitial cells in the experimental group. Electron microscopical examination showed that thickening of the GBM was normal in the control group but an irregular thickening was seen in the experimental group (p < 0.001). It was also seen that epithelial cells of developing tubules underwent apoptosis in the experimental group. Thus, renal development in rats seems to depend on an intact renin-angiotensin system. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Item The expression of Forkhead transcription factors in decidua and placenta in patients with missed abortionOzbilgin, K; Kahraman, B; Turan, A; Atay, C; Vatansever, S; Inan, S; Özçakir, TBackground: Forkhead transcription factors 3a (FOXO3a) has pleiotropic biological functions in the female reproductive tract. FOXO3a has a function in decidualization, in placental development, and also in inhibition of apoptosis. This study aims to investigate a possible role of FOXO3a in missed abortion. Materials and Methods: Decidual and placental tissue samples were obtained from the women with unwanted pregnancy as the control group and with missed abortion as the patient group. Immunohistochemistry technique was utilized to compare FOXO3a expression of the decidual cells in uterine decidual stroma and cytotrophoblast-syncytiotrophoblast cells in placental villous stroma. Immunohistochemistry was evaluated semi-quantitatively utilizing the H-score technique. Results: It was demonstrated that H-Scores of FOXO3a expression in both uterine decidual stroma were increased in the missed abortion group (255.83 +/- 12.41) than in the normal pregnancy group (133.33 +/- 17.43). It was also shown that there was no difference between non-decidual area of the endometrium of the normal pregnancy and the missed abortion group (30.33 +/- 4.32; 39.66 +/- 14.30, respectively) and placental villous stroma (13.00 +/- 1.89; 13.00 +/- 1.67, respectively). However, the immunoreactivity of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells significantly increased in the missed abortion group (18.83 +/- 1.47; 322.00 +/- 6.06, respectively) than in the normal pregnancy group (11.00 +/- 1.26; 254.00 +/- 8.17, respectively) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data support the hypothesis that increased FOXO3a expression in missed abortion may prevent the discharge of dead fetus to maintain decidualization, prevention of oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and inhibition of apoptosis.Item Overcoming the Restricted Therapy Options and Monitoring Challenges in Metastatic Breast CancerAliyev, AT; Krager, K; LoBianco, F; Ozbilgin, K; Ucoz, M; Aykin-Burns, N; Gurer-Orhan, HItem The higher heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in missed abortionOzbilgin, K; Karaca, F; Turan, A; Köse, C; Vatansever, S; Ozcakir, TObjective: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) has pleiotropic biological functions in the female reproductive tract. HB-EGF has a function in the menstruation cycle, implantation, decidualization, placenta development, and also inhibition of apoptosis. This study aims to investigate a possible role of HB-EGF in missed abortion. Materials and methods: Decidual and placental tissue samples were obtained from women with unwanted pregnancy as the control group and from women with missed abortions as the patient group. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to compare HB-EGF expression of fibroblast and decidual cells in uterine decidual stroma and fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells in placental villous stroma; the TUNEL technique was used to detect apoptotic cells within the decidual and placental tissues of the two groups. Results: It was demonstrated that HB-EGF expression in both uterine decidual stroma and placenta stroma was increased in the missed abortion group (142.70 +/- 12.80; 116.10 +/- 14.16, respectively), compared with the normal pregnancy group (101.60 +/- 14.18; 81.60 +/- 10.74, respectively). It was also shown that there was no difference in TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling) positive cells between the uterine decidual stroma (11.4 +/- 3%; 13.6 +/- 3%, respectively), placental villous stroma (13.7 +/- 3%; 15.9 +/- 3%, respectively), and cytotrophoblast-syncytiotrophoblast cells (7.3 +/- 2; 9.8 +/- 3, respectively) of the two groups. Conclusion: This data supports the hypothesis that increased HB-EGF expression in a missed abortion may prevent the discharge of the dead fetus. Copyright (C) 2014, Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.Item Distribution of Furin, TNF-α, and TGF-β2 in the Endometrium of Missed Abortion and Voluntary First Trimester Termination CasesOzbilgin, K; Turan, A; Kahraman, B; Atay, C; Vatansever, S; Uluer, ET; Özçakir, TOBJECTIVE: To identify the role of furin, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta 2 in human missed abortion pathogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: Decidual materials were collected from patients diagnosed with a missed abortion (n=10) (missed abortion group) and from legal voluntary termination cases at <10 gestational weeks (n=10) (normal pregnancy group). Tissue samples were collected from each group by dilation and curettage under mask anesthesia. For all tissue samples, furin, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta 2 primary antibodies were performed by immunohistochemical staining. The number of stained cells was evaluated by using the H-score technique. RESULTS: In immunohistochemical examination, the immunoreactivities of furin, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta 2 were found to be higher in syncytiotrophoblastic cells in the missed abortion group than in the normal pregnancy group (p < 0.005). Additionally, high immunoreactivity of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 2 molecules was established only in cytotrophoblastic cells of missed abortions (p <0.005) in examination at decidual cells of the missed abortion group; furin immunoreactivities were detected higher in the missed abortion group than in the control group, but TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 2 immunoreactivity were increased in number in the normal pregnancy group (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: It is considered that high levels of furin and the 2 furin-related proteins (TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 2), which play important roles in proliferation, invasion, migration, differentiation, and survival of cells, may be the reason of proceeding decidualization, placentation, and prevention from abortion, in spite of terminating the fetal life.Item Effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy on functions of helper and regulatory T cells in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitisKirmaz, C; Kirgiz, OO; Bayrak, P; Yilmaz, O; Vatansever, S; Ozbilgin, K; Onur, E; Celik, O; Sogut, A; Ay, G; Yuksel, HBackground. Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is characterized by a helper T (Th)2 cell-mediated immune response at the target site. There is a relative Th1 and/or regulatory T (Treg) cell insufficiency in patients with SAR. It has been demonstrated that there is a change in the balance between these cells after allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT), which is a curative treatment modality for this disease. However, there are few studies that evaluate the number and function of these cells in the inflammatory area after SIT treatment. Objective. We aimed to investigate the distribution of Th1, Th2 and Treg cells in nasal biopsies and lavage fluid (NLF) specimens from patients with SAR, before and after SIT. Methods. Twenty-four, symptomatic SAR patients sensitized to Olea europeae, were enrolled in the study prior to treatment. Fifteen, non-allergic subjects with nasal septum deviation, who needed surgical treatment, served as the control group. NLF and inferior turbinate biopsies were obtained from both groups during the pollen season. Conventional, subcutaneous SIT with Olea europeae extract was initiated in patients with SAR. One year after the first biopsy, biopsies and NLF specimens were again obtained for reevaluation. All biopsies were evaluated for Th1, Th2 and Treg cell counts by means of their transcription factors (T-bet, GATA-3 and FoxP3) using an immunohistochemical analysis method. Additionally, all NLF specimens were evaluated for the functions of these cells, by means of their specific cytokines, using an ELISA method. Results. When the basal status of those patients with SAR was evaluated based on transcription factors, prior to treatment, Th1 and Treg cells were found to be fewer than in non-allergic controls (p=0.001 for both T-bet and FoxP3). It was demonstrated that numbers of GATA-3-carrying cells, which are a marker for Th2, were not significantly different between the groups (p=0.276), but evaluation of the Th1/Th2 ratio revealed a relative Th2 dominance in patients with SAR prior to treatment. When evaluated on the basis of cytokine levels, it was observed that Th1-originated IFN-gamma was lower in patients with SAR compared to the control group, both before and after treatment (p=0.012 for both comparisons), Th2-originated IL-4 levels were not significantly different between the groups either before or after treatment (p=0.649, p=0.855; respectively). Th2- and Treg cell-originated IL-10 levels were higher in patients with SAR before treatment (p=0.033), but this difference was not statistically signifact following treatment compared with controls (p=0.174). Treg cell-originated TGF-beta levels were slightly lower in patients with SAR compared to the controls, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.178, p=0.296; respectively). None of the above mentioned cytokine levels changed significantly as a result of SIT. Conclusion. The results of our study indicate that although clinical findings improve after one year of SIT, this duration may not be sufficient to detect changes in cytokine patterns and transcription factors. Further studies that evaluate outcome over a longer duration of treatment would provide valuable information.Item The Role of Proteins in Apoptosis of Somatic and Germ Cells in the Mouse OvaryMicili, SC; Vatansever, S; Ozbilgin, KIn this study, to determine the mechanisms of cell death in developing follicles, we investigated whether expression of Bcl-2, p53 and Bax play a role throughout the growth of follicles in the mice. Ovarian tissues and oocytes were obtained from 30 Mus Musculus type mouse. The immunostaining of ovarian tissue sections and oocytes was performed using anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bax and anti-p53 antibodies and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfrase (TdT) assay (TUNEL) were also used for detection of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In ovarian tissue section evaluation, granulosa cells in antrum of secondary and Graaf follicles were positive with TUNEL staining. Immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was moderate in primary and secondary follicles of granulosa cells. While immunostaining of p53 was moderate in granulosa cells of Graaf follicles, Bax immunoreactivity was moderate and strong in secondary and Graaf follicles, respectively. When granulosa cells were break off from zona pellucida, there were TUNEL positive cells. In unfertilised oocytes evaluation, TUNEL positive cells were observed in the granulosa cells which were free from zona pellucida. When the granulosa cells were attached with zona pellucida, they were TUNEL negative. While immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was detected in both oocytes and granulosa cells which were attached with zona pellucida, immunostaining of p53 were only detected in granulosa cells which break off from zona pellucida. In conclusion, regulation of apoptosis in granulosa cells may be controlled by Bax expression and when the granulosa cells were not attached with zona pellucida, they may go into the apoptotic cascade. Therefore; we suggest that, the death of granulosa cells may control signals from intrinsic pathways in the Graaf follicule or from extrinsic pathways after ovulation. However, we consider of further studies to be necessary.Item Effect of ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone on the expression of integrins alpha(3), beta(1) in the rat endometrium during the implantation periodSendag, F; Akdogan, A; Ozbilgin, K; Giray, G; Oztekin, KObjective: To investigate the effect of exogenous ovarian stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) on the expression of integrins alpha(3), beta(1) in the rat endometrium during implantation. Study design: Following three successive normal estrous cycles the animals were divided into five groups: Group I (n = 10, control group) received no medication; Group II (n = 10) received 10 units of hMG; Group III (n = 10) received 20 units of hMG; Group IV (n = 10) received 10 units of rFSH; Group V (n = 10) received 20 units of rFSH at midday of middiestrous. The rats were then mated with fertile males. The animals were sacrificed on the day of implantation. The uterine horns were placed in fixative and paraffin blocks of the tissue were cut in 5 mu m sections. The tissues were stained with primary antibodies; monoclonal anti-integrin alpha(3) and monoclonal anti-integrin beta(1) using immunohistochemical methods. The staining intensities of alpha(3) and beta(1) integrins were calculated separately for epithelium and stroma in each group. Results: Staining intensities of alpha(3) and beta(1) integrins in both the epithelium and the stroma were significantly lower in the treatment groups than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Ovarian stimulation by low and high doses of HMG and rFSH may have an effect on endometrial receptivity, possibly via a decrease in expression of integrins in the endometrium during the implantation period. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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