Browsing by Author "Qamar M.T."

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    Modelling of polyphenol and flavonoid extraction from bottle gourd fruit using green and cost effective LTTM glycerol-ammonium acetate in neat and diluted forms
    (Springer, 2022) Amin R.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    The current study investigated the effectiveness of a low-cost, safe and green LTTM (low-transition-temperature mixture) GAA (glycerol-ammonium acetate) for extraction of bioactive biomolecules form bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) fruit. Two forms of LTTM, neat and diluted with ethanol, were compared. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization using the Box-Behnken design consisting of three-factors, each with three levels. Total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), anti-radical activity (ARA), and iron chelating activity (ICA) were dependent variables, while time, temperature, speed, and solvent concentrations were independent variables. Second order polynomial models were well fitted for the responses in both solvent systems. For GAA-ethanol extraction, TP, TF, ICA, and anti-radical activity were 14.47 mg GAE/g, 4.93 mg RE/g, 12.21% and 36.43%, respectively, at optimum conditions of extraction time (42 min), temperature (42 °C), and solvent ratio (56%). For GAA extraction, the values 4.50 mg GAE/g, 2.86 mg RE/g, and 70.21% were obtained for TP, TF, and anti-radical activity, respectively, at optimized extraction conditions of speed 300 RPM, temperature 50 °C and solvent-to-solid ratio 10 mL/g. For anti-radical activity of GAA and GAA-ethanol extracts, the error rates between predicted and observed values were extremely low (3.35% and 3.88%, respectively), which demonstrated the suggested quadratic polynomial models as adequate for predicting this activity under any set of extraction conditions. With the error rate of 15.09%, the extraction of TP with GAA can also be quite adequately modelled. The study demonstrated GAA as a green and efficient solvent for extraction of polyphenols and other antioxidant biomolecules from L. siceraria fruit and the optimized process can be used for maximum extraction of antioxidants from it. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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    Ultrasound- and heat-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizin from licorice by two glycerol-based DESs - Modeling and optimization as per response surface methodology
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Kubra K.T.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    Glycyrrhizin is an important bioactive compound of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) having many pharmaceutical properties. The present study explored the extraction of glycyrrhizin from licorice in two glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents glycerol-ammonium acetate (GAA) and glycerol-choline chloride (GCC) and by two different techniques heat-assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). For optimization, response surface methodology (RSM) as per CCD (central composite design) was applied. Quantification of the compound was done by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). In GAA-HAE, the highest yield 36.96 mg/g was at 80 °C temperature, 25 min time, and 50% DES concentration and in GCC-HAE, the highest yield was 35.26 mg/g that was at temperature 80 °C, time 65 min and 50% DES concentration. In GAA-UAE, the highest yield 35.41 mg/g was at temperature 60 °C, time 79 min and 70% DES concentration, and in GCC-UAE, the highest yield 31.37 mg/g was at temperature 80 °C, time 25 min and 50% DES concentration. UAE-methanol gave the highest yield 31.36 mg/g that was at temperature 60 °C, time 45 min and 70% methanol. The predicted models had high fitness each having a significant p-value (<0.05) and a nonsignificant lack of fit p-value. The R2 values were about 94%, 98%, 93%, 95% and 95% for GAA-UAE, GCC-UAE, GAA-HAE, GCC-HAE and methanol-UAE models, respectively, which also indicated high adequacy of the models. In terms of yield, HAE and UAE were comparable but UAE has the advantage of being more environmentally friendly, and GAA was more powerful than GCC as extracting medium. As a result, GAA-UAE should be a viable option for extracting glycyrrhizin from licorice as an efficient and environmentally friendly method. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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    Microwave-pretreatment hydrodistillation extraction of eucalyptol from Eucalyptus citriodora and optimization by response surface methodology
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Rachel T.; Ahmed D.; Aydar A.Y.; Qamar M.T.
    This study aimed to optimize the process of extracting essential oil from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves using either conventional hydrodistillation (CHD) or microwave-pretreatment hydrodistillation (MPHD), and to compare the two methods. The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize two techniques. The essential oil yield was quantified in terms of eucalyptol, and the highest yields of eucalyptol in CHD and MPHD were 2.72% and 3.50%, respectively. For CHD, the optimum conditions for extraction of eucalyptol from E. citriodora leaves were 700 mL/100 g solvent-to-solid ratio and a 4 h extraction time with a 2.64 mg/100 g eucalyptol predicted yield. For MPHD, the optimum conditions were the solvent-to-solid ratio of 555 mL/100 g, extraction time of 4 h, irradiation time of 30 s, and power of 466 W, giving a 2.24 mg/100 g eucalyptol predicted yield. The validation study verified the efficacy of the optimized models. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed eucalyptol as the most abundant chemical constituent of both the CHD and MPHD distillates. In conclusion, MPHD had a lower solvent requirement, consuming less water for a slightly lower yield than CHD. In terms of efficiency, both techniques worked almost equally well for extracting eucalyptol from E. citriodora leaves, but MPHD was more environmentally sustainable in terms of water consumption. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.