Browsing by Author "Tok, S"

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    Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Psychological Responses and Performance in Virtual and Real Archery
    Dal, N; Tok, S; Balikçi, I; Yilmaz, SE; Binboga, E
    BackgroundThis study examines the psychophysiological differences between virtual reality (VR) and real archery. It explores whether VR archery induces heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and breathing rates similar to those experienced in real archery. Additionally, the study assesses differences in perceived anxiety, difficulty, confidence, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and shooting performance between the two modalities, providing insights into the efficacy of VR as a training tool for archery.MethodsTwenty-two (women: 8) individuals aged 20-24 participated in the study. We first recorded individuals' resting HR, HRV, and breathing rates during baseline. Afterward, participants shot 10 real and virtual arrows from 18 m, whereas their HR, HRV, and breathing rate were measured, each lasting 4 min. Performance in VR and real archery was determined separately as the sum of the shots. We performed paired sample t-tests to compare individuals' performance, psychological, and psychophysiological responses recorded during VR and real arrow shooting. Afterward, we compared percentage changes between VR and real archery.ResultsResults showed that HR and root mean square of successive differences (RMMSD) were significantly higher during real archery compared to virtual archery. In addition, VR archery led to a greater percentage change in RMSSD compared to real archery. Participants reported greater RPE and perceived difficulty after real archery. Performance was also higher during VR archery than real archery.ConclusionsConsequently, the results of the present study illustrated that VR, and real archery might lead to different autonomic response patterns in terms of vagal activity. image
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    The Relationship Among Personality, Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, Physiological Arousal, and Performance in Male Athletes
    Balyan, KY; Tok, S; Tatar, A; Binboga, E; Balyan, M
    The present study examined the association between personality, competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and physiological arousal in athletes with high and low anxiety levels. Anxiety was manipulated by means of an incentive. Fifty male participants, first, completed the Five Factor Personality Inventory and their resting electro dermal activity (EDA) was recorded. In the second stage, participants were randomly assigned to high or low anxiety groups. Individual EDAs were recorded again to determine precompetition physiological arousal. Participants also completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and played a computer-simulated soccer match. Results showed that neuroticism was related to both CSAI-2 components and physiological arousal only in the group receiving the incentive. Winners had higher levels of cognitive anxiety and lower levels of physiological arousal than losers. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that an athlete's neurotic personality may influence his cognitive and physiological responses in a competition.
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    The effect of motivational climate and conscientiousness on athletes' maximal voluntary contraction level of biceps brachii muscle
    Tok, S; Dal, N; Dogan, E; Yaman, Ç; Binboga, E
    We investigated the effect of induced motivational climates (a mastery climate and a performance climate) on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) level of the biceps brachii muscle. We also aimed to explore whether motivational orientations, together with conscientiousness, are associated with MVC level in mastery and performance climate conditions. The sample consisted of 53 college student athletes ranging in age from 20 to 26. Participants first completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and items relating to conscientiousness from the Short Form of the Five Factor Personality Inventory. Then, during isometric elbow flexion, MVCs were measured in a neutral condition. Afterwards, participants were informed of their MVC levels measured in the neutral condition via biofeedback software, and randomly assigned to either the mastery or the performance condition. Participants in the mastery climate condition were instructed to exceed their own highest MVC level observed in the neutral condition. In contrast, participants in the performance climate condition were instructed to exceed an unrealistic MVC level described as the best ever recorded so far. Results indicated that percentage change in MVC differed significantly between the mastery and performance climate conditions. Specifically, while there was a 13.5% increase in MVC value in the performance climate condition, there was an 8.8% decrease in the mastery climate condition. Results also showed that regardless of motivational climate, the percentage change in MVC was unrelated to motivational orientations and conscientiousness.
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    Investigation of Emotional Intelligence Levels of Elite Athletes: The Role of Gender and Age
    Sarikabak, M; Ayranci, M; Yaman, C; Hergüner, G; Tok, S; Kir, R; Cana, H; Baykara, C; Dönmez, A; Genç, HI
    Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of age and gender in examining the emotional intelligence levels of athletes. Methods: The universe of the research consists of licensed athletes in Turkey, and the sample consists of 2736 licensed athletes who continue their active sports life in 2019. As a data collection tool in the research; Voluntary Participation Consent Form and Personal Information Form were used. The Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, developed by Schutte et al., (1998), edited by Austin, Saklofske, Huang, and McKenney, (2004), and adapted into Turkish by Tatar, Tok, and Saltukoglu (2011), was used to measure emotional intelligence. SPSS 25 package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data, and descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and t-test analyzes were used in the analysis of the data obtained. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was seen that there was no significant difference in the comparison of the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions and the total score according to the type of sport they do (p>0.05). According to the age variable of the athletes, between the emotional intelligence sub-dimensions and the total score; there was a statistically significant difference in optimism/mood regulation, use of emotions sub-dimension and emotional intelligence total score (p<0.05). In the sub-dimension of evaluation of emotions, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: When the emotional intelligence levels of the athletes were examined according to the gender variable, it was observed that there was a significant difference in favor of women in the use of emotions, evaluation of emotions and total emotional intelligence scores (p<0.05). The results were discussed in the light of the relevant literature and suggestions were made for future studies.
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    The Effects of Red Versus Blue Lights and Neuroticism on Voluntary Biceps Brachii Muscle Contraction
    Binboga, E; Tok, S; Munzuroglu, M; Canüzmez, AE; Dal, N
    This study investigated the effects of red and blue monochromatic lights and neuroticism on athletes' maximal isometric voluntary contraction (iMVC) level of the biceps brachii muscle. During elbow flexion, we measured iMVCs under a white light (control) condition and under red and blue light conditions. Under red light (vs. white and blue), participants demonstrated a greater iMVC level. Further, based on a median split of the athletes' scores on Tatar's Five Factor Personality Inventory, high and low neuroticism groups showed no red light differences, while, in the blue light condition, participants high in neuroticism increased the iMVC level by 4.04% and those low in neuroticism decreased iMVC level by 6.31%. Thus, the effect of colored light on athletes' motor output varied with individual personality differences in neuroticism.
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    The Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback on Maximal Voluntary Contraction Level of the Biceps Brachii Muscle: Moderating Roles of Gender and Conscientiousness
    Sarikabak, M; Yaman, Ç; Tok, S; Binboga, E
    We investigated the effect of positive and negative feedback on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the biceps brachii muscle and explored the mediating effects of gender and conscientiousness. During elbow flexion, MVCs were measured in positive, negative, and no-feedback conditions. Participants were divided into high- and low-conscientiousness groups based on the median split of their scores on Tatar's five-factor personality inventory. Considering all participants 46 college student athletes (21 female, 28 male), positive feedback led to a greater MVC percentage change (-5.76%) than did negative feedback (2.2%). MVC percentage change in the positive feedback condition differed significantly by gender, but the negative feedback condition did not. Thus, positive feedback increased female athletes' MVC level by 3.49%, but decreased male athletes' MVC level by 15.6%. For conscientiousness, MVC percentage change in the positive feedback condition did not differ according to high and low conscientiousness. However, conscientiousness interacted with gender in the positive feedback condition, increasing MVC in high-conscientiousness female athletes and decreasing MVC in low-conscientiousness female athletes. Positive feedback decreased MVC in both high- and low-conscientiousness male athletes.
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    The Short-Term Effect of Occupational Levels of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Human Heart Rate Variability
    Binboga, E; Tok, S; Munzuroglu, M
    Previous studies have indicated that there is no consensus on the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic (ELF-EMF) exposure on the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to explore the short-term effect of ELF-EMF exposure on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV). The sample consisted of 34 healthy males aged 18-27 years. The participants were randomly assigned to the EMF (n = 17) or the Sham group (n = 17). We employed a double-blind repeated-measures design consisting of three 5 min experimental periods. The chest region of each individual in the EMF group was exposed to 50 Hz, 28 mu T, linear polarized, continuous EMF during the EMF exposure period. HR and HRV data were recorded continuously by using a photoplethysmography sensor. Within-subject statistical analysis indicated a significant HR deceleration in both the EMF and Sham groups. However, the standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), low-frequency (LF), and high-frequency (HF) powers increased only in the EMF group and remained stable in the Sham group. We also compared the same HRV indices measured during the EMF and Sham periods between the two experimental groups. The between-subject analysis results demonstrated significantly higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF values in the EMF group than in the Sham group. The LF/HF ratio did not change significantly within and between groups. On the basis of these results, we concluded that short-term exposure of the chest region to ELF-EMF could potentially enhance parasympathetic predominance during the resting condition. (c) 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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    Autonomic Cardiac Activity Among Novice Archers During Baseline, Shooting, and Recovery
    Tok, S; Dal, N; Zekioglu, A; Çatikkas, F; Balikçi, I; Dogan, E
    Tok, S, Dal, N, Zekioglu, A, catikkas, F, Balikci, I, and Dogan, E. Autonomic cardiac activity among novice archers during baseline, shooting and recovery.J Strength Cond Res34(9): 2627-2635, 2020-In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) of novice archers may vary during baseline, shooting, and recovery periods. In addition, we aimed to explore whether HRV may have different patterns between successful and less successful archers and man and woman archers. The sample consisted of 39 (12 woman) novice archers ranging in age from 21 to 27. Baseline HRV activity was measured in the first stage of the experiment. Then, participants shot 10 arrows, from 18 m to an 80 cm diameter target, whereas their HRV was measured. Lastly, HRV recovery response was measured immediately after shooting. HRV was represented as low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio. When considering the entire sample, repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that only HF power differed among baseline, shooting, and recovery periods [F(2, 76) = 6.90,p= 0.002, omega(2)= 0.15]. When the data partitioned, based on the median split of the shooting scores, repeated measures of ANOVA demonstrated that none of the HRV components differed in the less successful group from baseline to recovery. However, in the successful group, both LF [F(1.47, 30.98) = 4.75,p= 0.024, omega(2)= 0.18] and HF [F(1.54, 32.37) = 6.61,p= 0.007, omega(2)= 0.24] power significantly differed among baseline, shooting, and recovery. No differences were found between man and woman archers in terms of HRV indices. The results of the present study indicated that physical activities requiring the use of perceptual motor skills, in addition to physical qualities, may lead to different HRV responses. Moreover, coaches aiming to develop archers' shooting accuracy may take into account LF power measured during an arrow shooting session.
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    The effect of background audio and audiovisual stimuli on students' autonomic responses during and after an experimental academic examination
    Balikçi, I; Tok, S; Binboga, E
    BackgroundDue to the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown during the online-distant education period, certain students tended to combine their courses and homework with TV or social media news or other media content, such as classical music, including a wealth of audio and audiovisual stimuli. As the audio and audiovisual stimuli existing in a learning environment may affect students' autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses negatively, the present study aimed to monitor the impact of background TV, classical music, and silence on students' ANS activity represented by heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), blood volume amplitude (BVA), and skin conductance level (SCL) during and after an experimental academic examination. MethodSeventy-six students were randomly allocated to background TV, classical music, or silence groups. The experiment with repeated measures design consisted of four consecutive periods: baseline, anticipation, challenge, and recovery, lasting 4 min each. ResultsWithin-subject analyses indicated significant HRV decrement only in the background TV group. Regardless of the experimental groups, HR and SCL increased while BVA decreased during the task. In addition, the between-subject analysis showed that the background TV group experienced significantly larger changes in HR and HRV parameters compared to the other experimental groups relative to their respective baseline measurements. ConclusionsBased on these results, we concluded that relative to classical music and silence, background TV, including audiovisual and verbal stimuli, extant in a learning environment might raise students' sympathetic activity. Further, classical music, without lyrics, may suppress the withdrawal of vagal activity and elevate the autonomic regulation capacity during the academic reading comprehension task. HRV is a more valid and reliable indicator of students' autonomic responses during a challenging academic task.
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    Effect of Force Sense to Active Joint Position Sense and Relationships between Active Joint Position Sense, Force Sense, Jumping and Muscle Strength
    Kaynak, H; Altun, M; Tok, S
    We aimed to investigate the effect of external load on the joint position sense (JPS) accuracy and its relation to the target jump height. The present study also aimed to explore the relationship between force sense (FS) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Participants' MVIC levels were determined during the 45-degree knee extension task. Then, participants were asked to execute a knee JPS task with external load (EL-JPS) and with no-load (EL-JPS). To assess jumping accuracy participants were instructed to jump with their 50% of maximum jump height. Results indicated that EL-JPS error values were lower than NL-JPS. EL-JPS was correlated to jumping errors. However, the relationship between NL-JPS and jumping errors was not significant. A significant correlation was found between MVIC and FS errors.
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    Adaptation of Emotional Intelligence IPIP Scales into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties
    Tatar, A; Saltukoglu, G; Tok, S; Bender, MT
    Objective: Turkish emotional intellinge scales are few, and Emotional Intelligence Test (IPIP-EIT) has several favorable features due to its large item pool, International Personality Item Pool, it was developed. The aim of this study is to adopt IPIP-EIT into Turkish and to examine the scale's psychometric properties. Methods: A thousand seven hundred fifty-four people ranging in age from 18 to 80 participated in the study. Out of these participants 211 people ranging in age from 18 to 63 took place in the test-retest study. Results: Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the main application of the test were as follows: 0.64 for attending emotions, 0.71 for emotion based decision making, 0.57 for emphatic concern, 0.58 for negative expressivity, 0.70 for positive expressivity, 0.61 for responsive distress, and 0.59 for responsive joy. Alpha internal consistency coefficient for the entire scale was 0.86. Correlations coefficients between the test and retest scores ranged from 0.67 to 0.80 for the subscales and it was 0.81 for the entire scale. Confirmatory factor analysis of the test showed seven dimensional single level factor structure. Its selected fit indexes were found as follows: goodness of fit index 0.95, adjusted goodness of fit index 0.92, root mean square error 0.003, and root mean square error of approximation 0.09. Examination of items based on item-response theory suggested that while some items had high discriminant power, others had low discriminant power. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicates that even though Turkish adaptation of the IPIP-Emotional Intelligence Test has not a very strong structure, it can be considered as a valid and reliable device to measure emotional intelligence.
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    The relationship of anthropometric measurements with psychological criteria in female athletes
    Cangur, S; Yaman, C; Ercan, I; Yaman, M; Tok, S
    Sports and exercise settings as well as other socio-cultural environments emphasize a thin and physically fit female body. However, there is a clear need for a better understanding of the physical and psychological correlates of social physique anxiety and body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. This study aimed to examine the association of the social physique anxiety, body image satisfaction, and personality with the anthropometric measurements in female college athletes according to their sport type using the Co-Plot technique. The sample included 63 female athletes ranging in age from 18 to 26. Results of the Co-Plot analysis revealed a significant association among social physique anxiety, personality and anthropometric measurements. This means that certain physical measurements may lead to greater social physique anxiety and body image dissatisfaction in female athletes. It was found that females having higher levels of social physique anxiety and thus, lower levels of body image satisfaction may be less emotionally stable and more negatively perfectionist. In conclusion, the results of the present study provided evidence to the claim that both physical self-perception and anthropometric measurements may be closely associated with psychological criteria in female athletes.
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    Translation of original form of Schutte Emotional Intelligence Test into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties
    Tatar, A; Tok, S; Bender, MT; Saltukoglu, G
    Objective: The purpose of the present study is to adopt Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSREIT-33) into Turkish preserving its original factor structure and number of items by applying the test to a heterogeneous participants group representing general population. It is also intended to conduct a research design in accordance with the main features (psychometric properties) of the presentation study. Methods: A total of 1561 people, 839 female, 722 male, ranging in age from 18 to 78 participated in the study. Results: The criterion validiy coefficient of the SSREIT-33 total score with Toronto Alexithymia Scale was determined as -0.63, and it was 0.87 with 41 item Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Test; and discriminant validity coefficient of SSREI total score with the factors of Short Form Five Factor Personality Inventory was as follows: 0.48 for openness to experience, -0.28 for emotional stability, 0.39 for conscientiousness, 0.16 for agreeableness and 0.11 for extraversion. The test-retest reliability coefficient for 15 and 30 days applications were 0.81 and 0.78 respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed acceptable fit index values for single factor structure. Internal consistency coefficient of the test was found as 0.86. Conclusion: The values obtained from the form translated into Turkish in this study were quite similar to the values obtained from SSREI-33 presentation study.
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    Personality Traits and DRD4, DAT1, 5-HT2A Gene Polymorphisms in Risky and Non Risky Sports Participation
    Çam, FS; Çolakoglu, M; Tok, S; Tok, I; Kutlu, N; Berdeli, A
    Objective: Relationships amongst Big Five personality traits and DRD4, DAT1 and 5-HT2A gene polymorphisms were investigated in 193 college students participating in risky and non-risky sports. Material and Methods: Personality traits were assessed by Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) and gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: In order to examine whether signifant Big Five personality trait differences existed between DAT1 gene polimorphisms, independent sample t-test was used. Results showed that only Agreeableness dimension revealed significant difference indicating that individuals with non-10/10 genotype had higher agreeableness scores when compared to individuals with 10/10 genotype. ANOVA results showed that Big Five personality dimensions scores differed significantly amongst 5-HT2A genotypes. Individuals with CC genotype had lower emotional stability scores when compared to individuals with TC genotype, and CC genotype individuals had greater openness to experience scores when compared to TT genotype individuals. Openness to experience scores were also significantly different among DRD4 genotypes. Individuals with 11 genotype had greater openness to experience scores when compared to individuals with as genotype. No 5-HT2A and risky sport participation (RSP) interaction effect was found on emotional change score. Conclusion: DAT1 was not associated with RSP. It was concluded that DRD4 and 5-HT2A were not directly associated with RSP but may be used as indirect predictors of it.
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    Model-independent search for CP violation in D0 > K-K+π-π+ and D0 → π-π+π+π- decays
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Cadeddu, S; Callot, O; Calvi, M; Gomez, MC; Camboni, A; Campana, P; Perez, DC; Carbone, A; Carboni, G; Cardinale, R; Cardini, A; Carranza-Mejia, H; Carson, L; Akiba, KC; Casse, G; Garcia, LC; Cattaneo, M; Cauet, C; Cenci, R; Charles, M; Charpentier, P; Chen, P; Chiapolini, N; Chrzaszcz, M; Ciba, K; Vida, XC; Ciezarek, G; Clarke, PEL; Clemencic, M; Cliff, HV; Closier, J; Coca, C; Coco, V; Cogan, J; Cogneras, E; Collins, P; Comerma-Montells, A; Contu, A; Cook, A; Coombes, M; Coquereau, S; Corti, G; Couturier, B; Cowan, GA; Cowie, E; Craik, DC; Cunliffe, S; Currie, R; D'Ambrosio, C; David, P; David, PNY; Davis, A; De Bonis, I; De Bruyn, K; De Capua, S; De Cian, M; De Miranda, JM; De Paula, L; De Silva, W; De Simone, R; Decamp, D; Deckenhoff, M; Del Buono, L; Deleage, N; Derkach, D; Deschamps, O; Dettori, F; Di Canto, A; Dijkstra, H; Dogaru, M; Donleavy, S; Dordei, F; Suarez, AD; Dossett, D; Dovbnya, A; Dupertuis, F; Durante, P; Dzhelyadin, R; Dziurda, A; Dzyuba, A; Easo, S; Egede, U; Egorychev, V; 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    A search for CP violation in the phase-space structures of 130 and 15 decays to the final states K-K+pi(-)pi(+) and pi(-)pi(+)pi(+)pi(-) is presented. The search is carried out with a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb(-1) collected in 2011 by the LHCb experiment in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. For the K-K+pi(-)pi(+) final state, the four-body phase space is divided into 32 bins, each bin with approximately 1800 decays. The p-value under the hypothesis of no CP violation is 9.1%, and in no bin is a CP asymmetry greater than 6.5% observed. The phase space of the pi(-)pi(+)pi(+)pi(-). final state is partitioned into 128 bins, each bin with approximately 2500 decays. The p-value under the hypothesis of no CP violation is 41%, and in no bin is a CP asymmetry greater than 5.5% observed. All results are consistent with the hypothesis of no CP violation at the current sensitivity. (C) 2013 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.