Browsing by Author "Yazici, GN"

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    Investigation of the effect of metoclopramide on proliferation signal molecules in breast tissue
    Umur, N; Çalim, SI; Yazici, GN; Gurgen, SG
    Metoclopramide (MCP) is a drug that has been widely used in recent years due to its hyperprolactinaemia effect on mothers during breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferative changes that MCP may cause in the maternal breast tissue. In this study, 18 Wistar albino young-adult breastfeeding mothers with their offspring were divided into three groups: control group, low-dose MCP-applied group and high-dose MCP-applied group. The experiment was carried out during the lactation period and at the end of 21 days. Prolactin, BrdU and Ki-67 breast tissue distributions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and tissue levels were evaluated biochemically by the ELISA method. According to ELISA and immunohistochemistry results in breast tissue, there was no significant difference between Ki-67 and BrdU results in all groups. Metoclopramide did not change the expression of proliferation molecules Ki-67 and BrdU in breast tissue. These results suggested that while metoclopramide increases breast proliferation, it does not have the risk of transforming the tissue into a tumour.
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    Effects of Various Antioxidants on Rat Lung Tissue During Chemotherapy: Electron Microscopic Study
    Yazici, GN; Gürgen, SG; Sunar, M; Elmas, Ç
    Objectives: This study uses transmission electron microscopy technique to investigate the efficacy of different antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, alphatocopherol and selenium) in repairing or reversing lung damage caused by the possible adverse effects of the chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide) application on the lung tissue of the subjects. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six rats each: (I) control, (II) cyclophosphamide only (75 mu g/kg), (III) cyclophosphamide (75 mu g/kg) + ascorbic acid (200 mu g/kg/day), (IV) cyclophosphamide (75 mu g/kg) + alpha-tocopherol (150 mu g/kg/day) and (V) cyclophosphamide (75 mu g/kg) + selenium (40 ppm/kg/day). At the end of the experimental period the rats were sacrificed and the left lung of the subjects was removed and placed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in a 1/15 mu phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The tissues were then stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate to enhance the contrast, and examined and photographed with an electron microscope (Carl Zeiss 900 EM). Results: Alveolar type II cells were found to have degenerated in the cyclophosphamide-treated lung tissues. Vacuolization and crystolisis of mitochondria, disruption of the lamellar order and indications of apoptosis were observed. In the alpha-tocopherol group, mitochondria were normal and fibrosis was reduced. In this group, damage to the cell membrane and defects of lamellar bodies were present. Other groups produced similar results to the cyclophosphamide group. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that from all the antioxidants administered to rats during chemotherapy, only alpha-tocopherol was efficient in healing the tissue damage caused by cyclophosphamide.
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    The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Neuronal Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus and the Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Gürgen, SG; Sayin, O; Cetiin, F; Sarsmaz, HY; Yazici, GN; Umur, N; Yucel, AT
    Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring substance added to many ready-to-eat foods and has known neurotoxic effects. This study was performed in order to examine the potential toxic effect of MSG on neurons in various regions of the hippocampus in prepubertal rats. It also investigated the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahex-aenoic acid (DHA) on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression in the brain, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Six female prepubertal Wistar albino rats were used in each group. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 2 received 4 mg/g MSG sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 3 received MSG + EPA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Oral 300 mg/kg for 9 d), while Group 4 received MSG + DHA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and 300 mg/kg orally for 9 d, respectively). At the end of the ninth day the hippocampal regions of the brain were removed and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining or stored at -80 degrees C for biochemical parameter investigation. BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY expression results were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to our findings, neurons in the control group hippocampal CA1 and DG regions exhibited strong BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R reactions, while an expression in both regions decreased in the MSG group (p < 0.00). However, in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups, BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R immunoreactions in neurons in the same region were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was observed in terms of expression in hippocampal neurons between the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups (p > 0.00). In conclusion, since MSG caused a decrease in BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY neural signaling molecules in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus of prepubertal rats compared to the control group, care is required over the consumption of MSG, since it may affect memory-related neurons in these age groups. In addition, we concluded that the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in addition to MSG may protect against the neurotoxic effects of MSG.
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    An immunohistochemical study of the effects of various antioxidants on rat lung during chemotherapy
    Yazici, GN; Erdogan, D; Gürgen, SG; Sunar, M; Elmas, Ç; Umur, N; Ilgaz, C
    We investigated using immunohistochemistry the possible protective effects of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and selenium during chemotherapy treatment with cyclophosphamide. Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six: group 1, untreated control; group 2, 75 mu g/kg cyclophosphamide; group 3, 75 mu g/kg cyclophosphamide + 150 mu g/kg/day alpha-tocopherol; group 4, 75 mu g/kg cyclophosphamide + 200 mu g/kg/day ascorbic acid and group 5, 75 mu g/kg cyclophosphamide + 40 ppm/kg/day selenium. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining was used to detect cell proliferation and AT(1) was used to evaluate structural damage. Caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 signal molecules were used to investigate apoptosis. In group 2, epithelium, alveolar macrophages, infiltrated lymphocytes and connective tissue were immunostained moderately to strongly with PCNA. Bronchus, alveolar wall and infiltrated lymphocytes were immunostained moderately to strongly with AT(1) and diffuse strong caspase immunoreactions were observed throughout the lung tissue. AT(1) and caspase immunoreactions in groups 4 and 5 were similar to group 2. In group 3, PCNA immunoreactivity was strong in the bronchiolus epithelium, endothelial cell nuclei and in stacks of infiltrated lymphocyte cell nuclei. In group 3, AT(1) and caspase immunoreactions were identical to group 1. It appears that alpha-tocopherol inhibits lung tissue damage in rats during chemotherapy.
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    Metoclopramide use to induce lactation can alter DRD2 and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex of offspring
    Gürgen, SG; Yazici, GN; Gözükara, C; Kabaroglu, C; Onur, E
    Metoclopramide, used as an anti-emetic drug in clinical practice, has recently also begun being used to establish hyperprolactinemic effects in breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential side-effects of metoclopramide applied in the lactation period in the central nervous system of offspring rats. Eighteen female albino Wistar rats that had just given birth were divided into three groups together with their pups, healthy controls, low-dose metoclopramide (10 mg/kg, twice per day i.p.) and a high-dose metoclopramide group (45 mg/kg, twice per day i.p.). Brain tissues from six pups from each mother were harvested at the end of the 21st day. Immunohistochemical and ELISA techniques were performed using dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neural growth factor (NGF), markers of extrapyramidal reaction in the brain, as signal molecules. Based on biochemical levels and immunohistochemical results, DRD2 expression decreased only in the external pyramidal layer neurons in the high-dose offspring group. Strong BDNF reaction was determined in pyramidal neurons in all layers in the control offspring group, and decreased reaction was observed in the high- and low-dose groups. No significant difference was observed in NGF expression between the three groups. Since high-dose metoclopramide caused a decrease in DRD2 expression in the external pyramidal layer in the prefrontal cortex, and since both high and low doses reduced BDNF expression, care needs to be taken with the use of metoclopramide in the lactation period due to the possibility of extrapyramidal reactions in offsprings.