MCBÜ Açıkerişim Sistemi :: Browsing by Publisher "Turkish Neurosurgical Society"

Browsing by Publisher "Turkish Neurosurgical Society"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 28

B cell immunoblastic lymphoma of central nervous system: Case report
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2003) Umur A.S.; Temiz C.; Selçuki M.; Mirzai H.; Okudur I.; Özkal B.; Işisaǧ A.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is defined as the lymphoma effecting only spinal axis and cranium without systemic symptoms. PCNSL is very rare. Hystologic type of lymphoma that arising in the CNS is most commonly B cell lymphoma. In our study we reported a 47 years old female patient with B cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma of CNS with no evidence of lymphoma outside the CNS. There was no evidence of systemic acquired immundeficiency syndrome.
Effect of cepea extract-heparin and allantoin mixture on epidural fibrosis in a rat hemilaminectomy model; [Cepea ekstresi-allantoin ve heparinin rat hemilaminektomi modelinde oluşturulan epidural fibrozisi önlemedeki etkinliǧi]
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2009) Temiz C.; Temiz P.; Sayin M.; Ucar K.
Aim: Epidural fibrosis following a laminectomy procedure is a serious problem that results in failed back surgery syndrome. Aserious number of manuscripts have explained its possible mechanism and results but no effective preventive surgical technique or treatment is currently present. Material and methods: We used a rat hemilaminectomy model at lumbar fourth level. In the treatment group (n:10), the hemilaminectomy sites were filled with cepea extract-allantoin and heparin mixture as sterile cream form. In the second group, the same surgical procedure was performed and the site was filled with physiological saline. All animals were terminated after 6 weeks and laminectomy sites removed en-bloc. Epidural fibrosis was evaluated and compared using semi-quantitative histopathological scoring scales. Results: In the physiological saline group, the fibrosis score was 10.3 points and 90% of the subjects had acute inflammatory reaction, 80% chronic inflammatory reaction and 100% showed bone destruction and reparation process. In the cepea extract group, these values were fibrosis score 4.2 points, 0% acute inflammatory reaction, 33.3% chronic inflammatory reaction and 10% bone destruction and reparation process, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that aloe cepea extract-allantoin and heparin mixture diminished epidural scarring formation effectively with decreased scores of acute and chronic inflammation, compared to the physiological saline solution group.
The effects of meloxicam on neural tube development in the early stage of chick embryos; [Meloksikamın erken dönem civciv embriyosunda nöral tüp geliflimine etkileri]
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2010) Cetinkal A.; Colak A.; Topuz K.; Demircan M.N.; Simsek H.; Berber U.; Umur A.S.; Selcuki M.; Vatansever H.S.
AIM: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of meloxicam in early stage chick embryos on neural tube development. MATERIAL and METHODS: One hundred specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs were used to investigate the neurulation. SPF eggs were invastigated in four groups (n:25). All of the groups were incubated at 37.2 ± 0.1°C and 60 ± 5 % relative humidity for 30 hours, and an embryological development in the ninth stage as classified by Hamburger and Hamilton was obtained. In the end of the 30th hour, group A(control group) was administered 0.1 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) in ovo and the other groups were administered meloxicam in increasing doses. At the end of 72 hours, all of the embryos were extracted from eggs and they underwent pathological examination with hematoxylin eosine and immunohistopathological examinations with CD138 and tubulin beta II. RESULTS: While the groups Aand B showed no neural tube defects, totally eight defective embryos were detected in the groups C and D (three in group C and five in group D. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that meloxicam, a nonselective COX inhibitor, caused neural tube closure defects when injected at supratherapeutic doses. However, further studies with larger numbers of subjects are needed for its use in lower doses.
Comparison of the levels of anxiety, depression and hopelessness of patients with epilepsy and healthy individuals; [Epilepsili ve saǧlıklı bireylerin kaygı, depresyon ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin karflılafltırılması]
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2011) Koç E.R.; Akmeşe P.P.
Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare depression, anxiety and desperation levels between epileptic patients and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: 34 patients and 34 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Demographic features of all subjects were also recorded. Neurologic examination, electroencephalography (EEG) and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients were evaluated. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used for evaluation of anxiety, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used for evaluation of depression, and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was used for evaluation of hopelessness. Results: The mean age of epileptic patients was 24.56 ± 8.49 years and of healthy subjects was 27.44 ± 5.66 years. Distribution of gender was the same in both groups, with 13 (38.2%) females and 21 (61.8%) males. There was no significant difference in demographic features between groups (p> 0.05). When continuous and instant anxiety levels of epileptic and healthy groups were compared, no significant difference was observed in instant anxiety levels (p> 0.05), but there was difference in continuous anxiety levels (p< 0.05) between the two groups. Hopelessness and depression levels were similar between groups (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that depression, anxiety and hopelessness levels were higher in epileptic patients when compared to healthy people. In addition, we conclude that seizure control with less drug use will reduce the level of trait anxiety in patients.
Urinary incontinence triggered by stretching exercises
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2012) Selcuki D.; Selcuki M.; Erturk A.R.
A 47-year-old female patient who experienced urinary urgency after having stretching exercises of her legs is presented. Stretching of the legs are thought to be responsible for conus medullaris tethering which in turn causes urinary complaints. What is interesting in this case is that her complaints about urinary urgency stopped as she quit stretching exercise movements of her legs. There are some examples of such cases in the literature. The urinary urgency after stretching exercises warned us to investigate this patient in regard to tethered conus medullaris. Tethering of the conus medullaris can be temporary and can cause reversible functional disorders of the bladder. Incontinence at any age should be evaluated cautiously as it could be a sign of an underlying important developmental failure.
TGF-βs and SMADs activities at the site of failed neural tube in the human embryos
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Barutcuoglu M.; Umur A.S.; Vatansever H.S.; Umur N.; Ozbilgin K.; Sayhan S.; Selcuki M.
Aim: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and Smads control intracellular signaling pathways in neurulation. Although previously reported similar experimental animal studies, the aim of this human study is to investigate the expression of TGF-β (1,2,3) and Smads (1,2,3,6,7) in aborted human fetuses with myeloschisis. Material and Methods: Twelve human fetuses with neural tube defect were obtained. They were stained with antibodies against TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, Smad (1,2,3), Smad 6 and Smad 7 using the indirect immunohistochemical technique. Results: We noted mild immune reactivity of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in the open neural plate, motor neurons and surrounding tissue. Strong immune reactivity of TGF-β3 was shown in only open neural plate and surrounding tissue. Immunoreactivity of all Smads noted negative except Smad7. ConclusIon: These results suggested at the site where the neural tube failed to close, TGF-β 1,2 and Smads 1,2,3,6 do not continue their activity and decrease with internal timing of embryonic development. Additionally ectodermal layers are considered by embryo as "not closed wound" and TGF-β3 activity may be an effort to repair the failed closure.
Evaluation of the effects of mobile phones on the neural tube development of chick embryos
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Umur A.S.; Yaldiz C.; Bursali A.; Umur N.; Kara B.; Barutcuoglu M.; Vatansever S.; Selcuki D.; Selcuki M.
Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of radiation of mobile phones on developing neural tissue of chick embryos. Material and Methods: There were 4 study groups. All Groups were placed in equal distance, from the mobile phones. Serial sections were taken from each Group to study the neural tube segments. Results: The TUNEL results were statistically significant (p<0.001) at 30 and 48 hours in the third Group. We found low Bcl-2 levels partly in Group 4 and increased activity in Group 3. Caspase-3 was negative in the 48 and 72 hours in the Control Group, had moderate activity in the third Group 3, weak activity in the 48 hour, and was negative in the 72 hour in other groups. Caspase-9 immunoreactivity was weak in Group 1, 2 and 3 at 30 hours and was negative in Group 1 and 4 at 48 and 72 hours. Caspase-9 activity in the third Group was weak in all three stages. Conclusion: Electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones caused developmental delay in chick embryos in early period. This finding suggests that the use of mobile phones by pregnant women may pose risks.
A new guide tube for odontoid screw fixation for unstable odontoid fractures: Report of 6 case series
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Duransoy Y.K.; Mete M.; Zileli M.; Selcuki M.
Aim: We describe a modified form of traditional open surgery with a new guide tube. This guide tube permits anterior screwing of odontoid in a shorter time with a more simple technique as compared to traditional open surgery, endoscopic and percutaneous surgeries. MATERIAL and METHODS: Our series includes 6 patients who were operated for unstable odontoid fracture. We used a new guide tube for anterior odontoid screw fixation. This guide tube was designed by the first author to facilitate the insertion of the K-wire for placement of a cannulated lag screw. RESULTS: Successful placement of the odontoid screws and immediate spinal stabilization were achieved in all patients. Solid fusion was observed during follow-up time in all patients. CONCLUSION: This screw insertion technique for odontoid screw fixation provides a minimally invasive, safe and easy surgery in contrast to other surgical approaches.
The effects of lornoxicam on neuroprotection following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Topcu I.; Vatansever S.; Bayram E.; Var A.; CetIn I.; Civi M.
Aim: In this study, the effects of lornoxicam on the prevention of secondary brain injury via the apoptotic pathway were studied in a rat model of head injury. Ma terIal and Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar albino rats were anesthetized, and experimental closed head trauma was induced by allowing a 450 g weight to fall two meters onto a metallic disk fixed to the intact skull. After head injury, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group I (n=15) rats were administered 2 mL saline intraperitoneally (controls); Group II (n=15) rats were administered 2 mL 1.3 mg kg-1 lornoxicam intraperitoneally. Brain tissue samples were divided into two pieces by interhemispheric incision for biochemical and histological analysis. Results: TUNEL positivity was seen in neuroglia cells of the brain cortex in both groups. While the immunoreactivities of caspase 8, 9 and Fas/ Fas ligand were similar in both groups, the immunoreactivity of caspase 3 was greater in Group I than Group II. MDA was significantly lower in Group II than in Group I (p<0.05). The decrease in SOD level was higher in Group I than Group II. ConclusIon: Lornoxicam did not prevent apoptosis in this rat model of brain trauma but causes a decrease.
Combined treatment with progesterone and magnesium sulfate positively affects traumatic brain injury in immature rats
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Uysal N.; Baykara B.; Kiray M.; Cetin F.; Aksu I.; Dayi A.; Gurpinar T.; Ozdemir D.; Arda M.N.
AIm: It is well known that head trauma results in damage in hippocampal and cortical areas of the brain and impairs cognitive functions. The aim of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect of combination therapy with magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and progesterone in the 7-days-old rat pups subjected to contusion injury. Ma terIal and Methods: Progesterone (8 mg/kg) and MgSO4 (150 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally immediately after induction of traumatic brain injury. Half of groups were evaluated 24 hours later, the remaining animals 3 weeks after trauma or sham surgery. Anxiety levels were assessed with open field activity and elevated plus maze; learning and memory performance were evaluated with Morris Water maze in postnatal 27 days. Results: Combined therapy with progesterone and magnesium sulfate significantly attenuated trauma-induced neuronal death, increased brain VEGF levels and improved spatial memory deficits that appear later in life. Brain VEGF levels were higher in rats that received combined therapy compared to rats that received either medication alone. Moreover, rats that received combined therapy had reduced hipocampus and prefrontal cortex apoptosis in the acute period. ConclusIon: These results demonstrate that combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action may be preferred in the treatment of head trauma.
Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of somatosensorial evoked potentials of upper extremities in cervical intervertebral disc herniation
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2013) Umur A.S.; Selcuki M.; Selcuki D.; Temiz C.; Akbasak A.
This study aims to determine the dysfunction caused by existing pathological condition in structures involved in the transfer of sensory functions of the neural system in cervical disc herniation, and to establish whether or not the level and degree of this anatomical damage can be anticipated by SEP (Somatosensorial Evoked Potentials). We compared the obtained SEP values for statistical significance using the Friedman Variation Analysis. In parameters with statistical significance, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to identify when significant improvements occurred. The study found that the statistical data of the latency of the N14 wave originating from the dorsal column nuclei of the medulla spinalis and dorsal column gray matter improved (p<0.05) in the postoperative period compared with the preoperative values. Using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, we studied postoperative months separately in regard to the difference in the latency of the N14 wave, and found the statistically significant improvement to be marked particularly in months 3 and 6 postoperatively (p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that SEP is a useful tool to check the functional condition of the dorsal spinal column. The benefit of the SEP utilization is the ability to determine the severity of the pathological condition preoperatively and follow the patient's functional postoperative improvement.
Tethered cord syndrome in adults: Experience of 56 patients
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2015) Selcuki M.; Mete M.; Barutcuoglu M.; Duransoy Y.K.; Umur A.S.; Selcuki D.
Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the results of surgery performed in a group of adult patients with tethered cord syndrome with their outcomes. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 56 patients. There were 38 females and 18 males. All patients were older than 18 years. Results: The mean age at referral was 36 years and 1 month. The mean follow-up period was 10 months 27 days. 95% of all patients with back and leg pains improved and 5% remained the same. Three patients with motor deficits remained the same in the postoperative period. Of the 16 patients with urological complaints, 10 improved, 5 unchanged and 1 patient died in the postoperative first day due to pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: The syndrome of tethered cord may be a situation to be treated even in the elderly in case of normal level conus medullaris and filum terminale with a normal appearance as well as a low-lying conus and thick filum. To prevent overlooking the diagnosis of tethered cord and/or unnecessary spinal surgeries, the tethered cord syndrome should be remembered in the differential diagnosis list in the presence of back and leg pains, neurological deficits or urological complaints.
A comparison of bilateral decompression via unilateral approach and classic laminectomy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A retrospective clinical study
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2015) Yaman O.; Ozdemir N.; Dagli A.T.; Acar E.; Dalbayrak S.; Temiz C.
Aim: Bilateral decompression via unilateral approach is one of the minimally invasive methods used for degenerative spinal stenosis. The aim of this retrospective study was to observe the clinical and radiological results of classic laminectomy and bilateral decompression via unilateral approach applied for lumbar stenosis. Material and methods: The data of 40 patients who underwent surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with different techniques was reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the surgical technique. In the first group, patients underwent classic laminectomy, while in the second group patients underwent bilateral decompression via unilateral approach. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography section areas of both groups were examined. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate low back and leg pain in preoperative and postoperative 1, 6, and 12 months. The two groups were compared in respect of surgery time and bleeding. Results: In both groups, postoperative low back and leg pain VAS scores declined compared to the preoperative condition. Low back pain VAS scores were lower at postoperartive 1, 6, and 12 months. The bleeding was higher in the 1st group, whereas the surgery time was higher in the 2nd group. Conclusion: Bilateral decompression through unilateral approach is an effective method without instability effect, which provides sufficient decompression in the degenerative stenosis and increases patient comfort in the postoperative period.
Local tissue electrical resistances in transpedicular screw application in the thoracolumbar region
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2016) Turan Y.; Sayin M.; Yurt A.; Maz T.Y.; Ozer F.D.; Temiz C.
Aim: To determine local tissue electrical resistance differences generated during a screw pass from the pedicle to another tissue rather than determining all individual electrical tissue resistance values. Material and methods: We attempted to measure electrical resistance values of regional tissues in addition to fluoroscopic imaging during application of fixation via a transpedicular screw. We also attempted to detect local tissue electrical resistance alterations in case of malposition of the screw inside the pedicle. For this purpose, local tissue electrical resistances of 10 transpedicular tracks opened with standard track openers bilaterally in 5 vertebrae, and of spinal cord accessed by puncturing the medial walls of three vertebrae in a cadaver were measured. These resistance differences were not only measured in human cadaveric tissue but also in 36 pedicles belonging to a total of 18 vertebrae between Th 1-S1 vertebrae of a sheep cadaver. Both medial and lateral walls were drilled to measure local tissue resistance differences in a sheep cadaver. Results: Our results indicated that local tissue electrical resistance changes were statistically significant in both human and sheep cadaver. Conclusion: It is possible to prevent screw malposition using a simple and cheap electrical resistance measurement. Local tissue electrical resistance measurement during transpedicular screw insertion is a safe, simple, cheap, and practical method.
Quality of life, coping, and social support in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study; [Multipl skleroz hastalarında yaşam kalitesi, baş etme ve sosyal destek: Pilot çalışma]
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2017) Zengin O.; Erbay E.; Yıldırım B.; Altındağ Ö.
Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain information concerning the relationship between the sociodemographic attributes, social support systems, coping strategies, and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. The research was conducted with 214 patients from the MS Society of Turkey. Results: Sociodemographic variables have an impact on the coping styles of patients with MS. When the relationship between coping and quality of life is examined, there is a positive correlation between the use of problem-focused coping strategies and quality of life, whereas there is a negative correlation between the use of emotion-focused coping strategies and quality of life. The scores of active coping, planning, use of emotional support, and use of instrumental support of patients who received social support were higher, whereas their denial scores were lower. Conclusions: According to the findings of our study, the sociodemographic attributes and social support mechanisms of patients have an impact on their quality of life, as well as the way they cope with MS. © 2017 by Turkish Neurological Society.
Posterior epidural migration of a sequestered lumbar intervertebral disc fragment
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2017) Turan Y.; Yilmaz T.; Gocmez C.; Ozevren H.; Kemaloglu S.; Teke M.; Sariyildiz M.A.; Ceviz A.; Temiz C.
Aim: Posterior epidural migration of a sequestered lumbar intervertebral disc fragment (PEMSLIDF) is an extremely rare condition published so far only as case reports or small case series (ranging between 2 to 8 cases). Diagnosing this condition is often challenging and the diagnosis is usually made intraoperatively. The affected patients usually suffer cauda equina syndrome (CES). In the present study, we aimed to discuss the clinical and radiological findings, types and features of surgical therapies, and outcomes of 9 patients with PEMSLIDF. Mater Ial and Methods: This study included 9 (0.36%) patients with PEMSLIDF among 2470 patients who underwent lumbar disc hernia surgery between August 2002 and September 2012. The preoperative clinical and radiological properties of the patients were evaluated. The postoperative outcomes were assessed using neurological examination, radiological imaging, visual analog scale (VAS) and modified Odom criteria. Results: RESULTS: As far as we know, this study is the largest case series examining the characteristics of PEMSLIDF. Seven (77.8%) of our patients were male and 2 (22.2%) were female and they had a mean age of 49.5 years (range 28-70 years). The mean duration from symptom onset to hospital admission was 7.4 days. Seven patients had CES. All patients underwent sequestrectomy and discectomy via posterior microsurgery. The patient outcomes were evaluated by the Modified Odom criteria and the outcome was excellent in two (22.2%) patients, good in 4 (44.5%), fair in 2 (22.2%), and poor in 1 (11.1%). ConclusIon: The entire free fragment can usually be excised via the posterior microsurgery technique. Early surgical treatment is of great importance to prevent more serious neurological deficits.
Actigraphic analysis of patients with cervical disc herniation
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2017) Samancioglu A.; Akinci E.; Osun A.; Ganiusmen O.; Ozkan U.; Temiz C.
Aim: To analyze the relationship between the severity of pain and sleep disorder using wrist actigraphy in patients with cervical disc herniation (CDH). Material and Methods: Fifty patients with the diagnosis of CDH underwent subjective tests and actigraphic analysis in preoperative period, and at the end of postoperative first week and postoperative first month. The data of the subjective tests and actigraphic analysis were compared. Results: There was a strong and statistically significant negative correlation between the subjective tests of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Pain 0-1-2 and the objective parameters of Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) 0-1-2 (rs= -0.798, p=0.009 - rs= - 0.832, p=0.006 - rs=- 0.710, p=0.004). There was a positive correlation between the subjective tests of VAS for Pain 0-1-2 and the objective parameters of Sleep Efficiency (SEF) 0-1-2 (rs=0.721, p=0.006 - rs= 0.768, p=0.001 - rs= 0.748, p=0.001). ConclusIon: Actigraphy may be used for the evaluation of cervical disc surgery, as an alternative and objective test for sleep disorders.
Central nervous system angiosarcoma: A case report; [Santral sinir sistemi anjiyosarkomu: Bir olgu sunumu]
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2018) Sarı Ü.S.; Ayşin Kısabay A.; Ovalı G.Y.; Mavioğlu H.; Zeybek S.; Özgiray E.; Sarı M.F.; Ertan Y.
[No abstract available]
Neuroprotective effects of oleocanthal, a compound in virgin olive oil, in a rat model of traumatic brain injury
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2018) Mete M.; Aydemir I.; Unsal U.U.; Collu F.; Vatandas G.; Gurcu B.; Duransoy Y.K.; Taneli F.; Tuglu M.I.; Selcuki M.
AIM: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of deocanthal OC in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL and METHODS: Twenty-six adult male, Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was the sham group (n = 5). Group 2 was the trauma group (n = 5) where rats were treated with 10 mg/kg saline intraperitoneally (IP) twice a day. Groups 3 and 4, rats were treated with 10 (group 3, n = 8) or 30 (group 4, n = 8) mg/kg OC IP twice a day. For each group, brain samples were collected 72 hours after injury. Brain samples and blood were evaluated with histopathological and biochemical methods. RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation revealed a significant difference between Group 2 and Group 4. Biochemical findings demonstrated that the oxidative stress index was highest in Group 2 and lowest in Group 4. CONCLUSION: OC has a protective effect on neural cells after TBI. This effect is achieved by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. © 2018 Turkish Neurosurgical Society.
Does the anti-migraine drug rizatriptan affect early neural tube development in chick embryos?
(Turkish Neurosurgical Society, 2019) Sayin M.; Gurgen G.S.; Sayin S.S.; Guvenc G.; Yuceer N.
AIM: To investigate the impact of rizatriptan on neural tube development using early chick embryos as a model organism. MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 36 pathogen-free Leghorn chicken eggs were selected and categorized in three groups: sham, therapeutic, and supra-therapeutic. After 24 hours, the eggs were opened and injected with sterile drugs, and then reclosed using plastic tape. After a period of 72 hours, the eggs were opened and assessed using the Hamburger-Hamilton chick embryology classification method. TUNEL staining was used to identify apoptosis, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to investigate neural tube closure. RESULTS: Treatment with rizatriptan significantly slowed down neural tube development. The supra-therapeutic group showed neural tube closure defects. CONCLUSION: Rizatriptan had a negative effect on neural tube closure. Further research is needed to identify a safe and effective drug for treating migraines during pregnancy. © 2019 Turkish Neurosurgical Society.

Browsing by Publisher "Turkish Neurosurgical Society"

Results Per Page

Sort Options