Browsing by Subject "EXPENDITURE"

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    Effects of anthropometric parameters and stride frequency on estimation of energy cost of walking
    (EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA) Bereket, S
    Aim. This study was conducted to develop a generalized, multifactorial walking equation for estimating VO2 during treadmill walking at self-selected treadmill belt speeds. Also, the study sought to find the stride frequency (SF) and stride length (SL) combination which yielded the highest VO2. Methods. The participants for this study included 100 university students (50 male and 50 female) between the ages of 18 and 57. After standing height, sitting height, hip breadth, calf length, thigh length, and gross body mass were measured, the preferred speed (Pv), self-selected as being challenging but comfortable, was determined for each subject at 0% grade. Subsequently, a 2(nd) walk test was conducted at Pv utilizing, 5 different SF which were paced by means of a metronome. In each of these 5 SF-SL combinations, heart rate and metabolic data were recorded. Results. Stepwise regression analysis showed that calf length and treadmill belt speed were two independent variables that account for significant increase in variance in which VO2 at preferred stride Frequency (PSF)-15 strides was used as dependent variable. Split plot ANOVA results indicated that the participants' VO2, heart rate, and breathing frequency responses were significantly (p < 0.05) lower at PSF when compared to the other 4 SF conditions. Conclusion. Research indicated that other than velocity of walking, anthropometric characteristic such as calf length has a significant effect on estimation of energy cost of walking. Furthermore, cardiovascular loading can be affected by manipulating SL and SIT as alternate forms of training in regimens of walking.
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    Economic burden of severe asthma in Turkey: a cost of illness study from payer perspective
    (EDRA SPA) Bavbek, S; Malhan, S; Mungan, D; Misirligil, Z; Erdinc, M; Gemicioglu, B; Oguzulgen, IK; Oksuz, E; Yildiz, F; Yorgancioglu, A
    Objective. To estimate economic burden of severe asthma in Turkey from payer perspective based on expert panel opinion on practice patterns in clinical practice. Methods. This cost of illness study was based on identification of per patient annual direct medical costs for the management of severe asthma in Take, from payer perspective. Average per patient direct medical cost was calculated based on cost items related to outpatient visits laboratory and radiological tests, hospitalizations and interventions drug treatment and equipment, and co-morbidities/complications. Results. Based on total annual per patient costs calculated for outpatient admission ($177.91), laboratory and radiological tests ($ 8232), hospitalization/interventions ($1,154.55), drug treatment/equipment ($2,289.63) and co-morbidities ($ 661.39) cost items, total per patient annual direct medical cost related to management of severe asthma was calculated to be $ 4,369.76 from payer perspective. Drug treatment/equipment (524%) was the main cost driver in the management of severe asthma in Turkey, as followed by hospitalizations/interventions (264%) and co-morbidities (15.2%). Conclusions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that managing patients with severe asthma pose a considerable burden to health economics in Turkey with medications as the main cost driver.