Browsing by Subject "antimalarial agent"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of in vivo antimalarial activities of some selected medicinal plants from Turkey
    (2014) Ozbilgin A.; Durmuskahya C.; Kayalar H.; Ostan I.
    Resistant infections lead to increased necessity of searching novel drugs and drug combinations. The purpose of this paper was to investigate antimalarial properties of some selected medicinal plants that have been traditionally used in Turkey for antipyretic and analgesic purposes. Lavandula stoecheas subsp. cariensis, Phlomis nissolii, Phlomis bourgaei, Phlomis leucophracta, Centaurea hierapolitana, Centaurea polyclada, Centaurea lydia, Scrophularia cryptophila, Scrophularia depauperata, Scrophularia floribunda, Rubia davisiana, and Alkanna tinctoria subsp. subleiocarpa were investigated for their in vivo antimalarial activities in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Two hundred fifty to 500 mg/kg doses of plant extracts were given to mice as a single daily dose for 4 days. P. nissolii water extract, C. lydia chloroform extract, S. cryptophila ethanol extract, and C. polyclada methanol extract showed antimalarial activity with reducing parasitaemia. The chemotherapeutic effects of plant extracts ranged between 13.5 % and 66.91 %. The chemosuppressions exerted by combined plant extracts of P. nissolii, S. cryptophila, and C. lydia with C. polyclada methanol extract were detected as 51.25 %, 57.33 %, and 58.33 %, respectively. Investigation of cytotoxic activities against brine shrimps revealed that methanol extract of C. polycada, chloroform extract of C. lydia, and ethanol extract of S. cryptophila showed cytotoxic activities, while water extract of P. nissolii was not active against brine shrimps. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    The first monkey malaria in Turkey: A case of plasmodium knowlesi; [Tiirkiye'deki ilk Maymun Sitmasi: Bir Plasmodium knowlesi Olgusu]
    (Ankara Microbiology Society, 2016) Özbilgin A.; Çavuş I.; Yildirim A.; Gündüz C.
    Plasmodium knowlesi is now added to the known four Plasmodium species (P.vivax, P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale) as a cause of malaria in humans because of the recent increasing rate of cases reported from countries of southeastern Asia. P.knowlesi which infects macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicufaris and M.nemestrina) is transmitted to humans especially by Anopheles leucosphyrus and An.hackeri mosquitos. First human cases of P.knowlesi malaria have been detected in Malaysia which have reached high numbers in recent years and also have been reported from countries of Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Singapore and Vietnam. However the number of cases reported from western countries are rare and limited only within voyagers. This report is the first presentation of an imported case of P.knowlesi malaria in Turkey and aims to draw attention to the point that it could also be detected in future. A 33-year-old male patient from Myanmar who has migrated to Turkey as a refugee, was admitted to a health center with the complaints of fever with a periodicity of 24 hours, headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, anorexia, myalgia and arthralgia. He was prediagnosed as upper respiratory tract infection, however because of his periodical fever and background in Myanmar, thick and thin blood films were prepared and sent to our laboratory for further examinations. Microscopic examination of the thin blood films revealed erythrocytic stages compatible with P.knowlesi (three large early trophozoites in an erythrocyte, three late trophozoites with compact view, and three late band-form trophozoites). Upon this, both real-Time polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) genes of Plasmodium genus and DNA sequence analysis targeting P.knowlesi rRNA gene were performed. As a result, the suspected identification of P.knowlesi by microscopy was confirmed by Rt-PCR and DNA sequencing. The patient was treated with chloroquine and primaquine combination and in the follow-up on the seventh day after the treatment, his parasitemia and symptoms had ceased. Although there were some previous reports concerning about imported patients infected with different Plasmodium species in our country, no cases of P.knowlesi have been reported. This first case presented here emphasizes the occurence of P.knowlesi malaria in Turkey hereinafter due to the increasing number of refugees.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    In vivo and in vitro Models for Scanning Drug Substances in Malaria: Prestudy
    (2017) Özbilgin A.; Çavuş İ.; Nuraydın A.; Kaya T.
    OBJECTIVE: The Wolrd Health Organization (WHO) encourages all countries to investigate antimalarial drug substances derived from herbal sources with the slogan "Hunt of the Next Artemisinin" due to the emergence of resistant strains of Plasmodium species to artemisinin. In the broad and simple sense, it was planned to help guide the young researchers set in-vitro and in-vivo models of malaria in order to be used in drug research and active ingredient studies.; METHODS: In-vitro study, young Plasmodium berghei trophozoites were removed from the liquid nitrogen tank and resuspended in appropriate conditions, followed by incubation with chloroquine and tetracycline at concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 6.4, 12.8 μg/mL for 24 hours at +37°C in a shaking incubator. In-vivo studies, Tetracycline group (TG) and Chloroquine group (KG) were administered 50 mg/kg of tetracycline and chloroquine by intragastric lavage and untreated control group (TACG) were administered the same amount of saline via the same route. The suppression of parasitemia in mice was followed for 24 days.; RESULTS: In our in-vitro study it was observed that 0.8 μg/mL of chloroquine and 1.6 μg/mL of tetracycline was enough to suppress parasitemia. In our in-vivo drug study, all of the mice in the TG group died at day 24, and all of the mice in the TAKG group died at day 12, with no parasitemia observed in the mice in the KG group.; CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that if tetracycline therapy is administered when the induction of chloroquine therapy is delayed, the exacerbation of the parasitemia may be prevented and when chloroquine is obtained chloroquine therapy can be commenced thus preventing the loss of the patient.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    An endemic plant of Cyprus, origanum majorana: Is it A new alternative natural product for malaria treatment?; [Kıbrıs endemik bitkisi origanum majorana: Sıtma tedavisinde yeni bir alternatif doğal Ürün olabilir mi?]
    (Ankara Microbiology Society, 2020) Güler E.; Özbilgin A.; Becer E.; Hanoğlu A.; Şanlidağ T.
    Malaria still remains to be a public health threat and one of the most important infectious diseases to get attention from World Health Organization. No domestic malaria cases have been reported on the island of Cyprus since 1948, as a result of successful elimination process. All of the malaria cases detected in recent years are imported cases. As known, hundreds of medicines are obtained from plants and traditional medicine are used in endemic places of malaria. The cause of malaria - Plasmodium parasites, are developing resistance to antimalarial drugs. Hence, research on plant extracts and essential oils have gained great interest in recent years to obtain new and safe agents/substances. In our study, it was aimed to investigate the in vivo antimalarial activities of essential oils obtained from Origanum dubium, Origanum majorana, Salvia fruticosa and Laurus nobilis plants which grows in Northern Cyprus against Plasmodium berghei - the rodent malaria agent. Plants were collected in appropriate seasons and were dried to obtain and analyze essential oils via Clevenger Apparatus system. L929 mouse fibroblast cell line and MTT [3-(4.5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl) -2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] kit were used to determine the cytotoxic activities of the essential oils obtained. In our study, total of 36 mice (Balb/c) of 6 groups (6 mice in each group) were formed: chloroquine group (CG) (50 mg/kg) as malaria reference group, untreated control group (UTCG), O.dubium (OD) (20 mg/kg), O.majorana (OM) (20 mg/kg), S.fruticosa (SF) (20 mg/kg) and L.nobilis (LN) (20 mg/kg). The essential oils were given to mice infected with P.berghei strain orally on 0, 1, 2 and 3rd days (4 times in total). Blood was taken from the tail end of each mouse 24 hours after the last treatment and blood collection was continued every two days until the mice died. Withdrawn blood taken from the mice were prepared as a thin smear and stained with Giemsa. Then, parasitemia percentages in each smear were calculated. As a result of the cytotoxicity tests, cytotoxic activity was not found at 100 µg/ml (20 mg/kg) in all oils except OD essential oil. While the mice receiving chloroquine continued their lives with the disappearance of the parasite on the 6thday, the mice in the UTCG died on the 9th day. The parasitemia rate reached 35% in the OM group on the 23rd day, in the OD group on the 21st day and in the other groups (SF and LN) on the 14th day and the mice have died. In our study, the difference between the life span in all groups was found statistically significant (p≤ 0.001). As a result, the essential oils O.majorana (14 days increase according to UTCG) an endemic plant of Cyprus and O.dubium (12 days increase according to UTCG) which had an antimalarial effect, decreased parasitemia and increased the life span of mice more than two times, indicated that they could be a source for the acquisition of new antimalarial molecules. © 2020 Ankara Microbiology Society. All rights reserved.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation of the Efficacy of Cinnamaldehyde, Cannabidiol and Eravacycline in a Malaria Model; [Sıtma Modelinde Cinnamaldehyde, Cannabidiol ve Eravacycline'in Etkinliğinin Araştırılması]
    (Ankara Microbiology Society, 2023) Özel Y.; Çavuş İ.; Ünlü M.; Özbilgin A.
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and cannabidiol (CBD) which have shown various biological activities such as potent antimicrobial activity and eravacycline (ERA), a new generation tetracycline derivative, in an in vivo malaria model. The cytotoxic activities of the active substances were determined by the MTT method against L929 mouse fibroblasts and their antimalarial activity were determined by the four-day test in an in vivo mouse model. In this study, five groups were formed: the CIN group, the CBD group, the ERA group, the chloroquine group (CQ) and the untreated group (TAG). 2.5 x 107 parasites/mL of P.berghei-infected erythrocyte suspension was administered IP to all mice. The determined doses of active substances were given to the mice by oral gavage in accordance with the four-day test and the parasitemia status in the mice was controlled for 21 days with smear preparations made from the blood taken from the tail end of the mice. The IC50 values, which express the cytotoxic activity values of the active substances were determined as 27.55 μg/mL, 16.40 μM and 48.82 μg/mL for CIN, CBD and ERA, respectively. The mean parasitemia rate in untreated mice was 33% on day nine and all mice died on day 11. On the ninth day, when compared with the TAG group, no parasites were observed in the CIN group, while the average parasitemia was 0.08% in the CBD group and 17.8% in the ERA group. Compared to the mice in the TAG group, the life expectancy of the other groups was prolonged by eight days in the CIN group, 12 days in the CBD group and eight days in the ERA group. It has been determined that all three active subtances tested in this study suppressed the development of Plasmodium parasites in an in vivo mouse model and prolonged the life span of the mice. It is thought that the strong antimalarial activity of CIN and CBD shown in the study and the possible positive effect of ERA on the clinical course can be improved by combining them with the existing and potential antimalarial molecules. © 2023 Ankara Microbiology Society. All rights reserved.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Unpleasant Souvenir: Imported Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Türkiye; [Nahoş Hatıra: Türkiye’de Yurtdışı Kaynaklı Plasmodium falciparum Sıtması]
    (Galenos Publishing House, 2023) Özbilgin A.; Tunalı V.; Akar Ş.Ş.; Çavuş İ.; Zorbozan O.; Yıldırım A.; Turgay N.
    Objective: Each year, approximately 125 million people visit malaria-endemic countries. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in Türkiye. Methods: The study included patients diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria between 1996 and 2022. A retrospective evaluation was conducted on whole blood samples and/or blood smears, as well as detailed medical histories, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings. A total of 131 imported cases of P. falciparum were included in the study. Results: Among the patients, 121 were male. Of these, 101 had traveled to Africa, while 30 had visited Asia. Among the patients, 109 were returned travelers, and 22 were refugees/migrants. Early trophozoites were observed in all patients, while gametocytes were detected in 30 patients. Cerebral malaria developed in 15 patients, resulting in the death of two individuals. Additionally, 10 patients received preventive chemoprophylaxis. Conclusion: Turkey is situated on migration routes that connect two continents to Europe, where more than 95% of the global malaria burden exists. The importation of malaria through returned travelers poses a risk of malaria reintroduction in our country, given the presence of suitable vectors, climate conditions, and environmental factors. Importantly, 30 patients (22.9%) exhibited gametocyte forms of P. falciparum, which have the potential to infect Anopheles species, thus establishing a basis for local malaria transmission. © 2023 Turkish Society for Parasitology.