COVID-19, cardiac involvement and cardiac rehabilitation: Insights from a rehabilitation perspective - State of the Art
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Date
2022
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the pandemic, many novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have experienced multisystem involvement or become critically ill and treated in intensive care units, and even died. Among these systemic effects, cardiac involvement may have very important consequences for the patient’s prognosis and later life. Patients with COVID-19 may develop cardiac complications such as heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, acute coronary syndrome, and cardiac arrhythmias or trigger an accompanying cardiac disease. The ratio of COVID-19 cardiac involvement ranges between 7 and 28% in hospitalized patients with worse outcomes, longer stay in the intensive care unit, and a higher risk of death. Furthermore, deconditioning due to immobility and muscle involvement can be seen in post-COVID-19 patients and significant physical, cognitive and psychosocial impairments may be observed in some cases. Considering that the definition of health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being”, individuals with heart involvement due to COVID-19 should be rehabilitated by evaluating all these aspects of the disease effect. In the light of the rehabilitation perspective and given the increasing number of patients with cardiac manifestations of COVID-19, in this review, we discuss the rehabilitation principles in this group of patients. ©2022 All right reserved by the Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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Keywords
amino terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide , brain natriuretic peptide , C reactive protein , D dimer , interleukin 10 , interleukin 2 , interleukin 6 , interleukin 8 , lactate dehydrogenase , troponin I , troponin T , tumor necrosis factor , acute coronary syndrome , aerobic exercise , autoimmune disease , breathing rate , calcium cell level , cardiovascular disease , chronic fatigue syndrome , cognition , cognitive defect , coronavirus disease 2019 , critically ill patient , cytokine release syndrome , disseminated intravascular clotting , electrocardiography , electrolyte disturbance , encephalomyelitis , endocardial injury , exercise , heart arrhythmia , heart atrium arrhythmia , heart disease , heart failure , heart rehabilitation , heart stress , heart ventricle arrhythmia , hospital patient , hospitalization , human , hypertension , hypoxemia , hypoxia , mental disease , myocarditis , non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction , nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , pandemic , pericardial injury , pericarditis , physical well-being , post acute cardiovascular sequelae of SARS CoV 2 infection , postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome , psychological well-being , quality of life , resistance training , respiratory failure , Review , six minute walk test , social well-being , ST segment elevation myocardial infarction , takotsubo cardiomyopathy , thrombosis , transesophageal echocardiography , vasculitis