The relationship between self-monitoring of blood glucose control and glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without diabetic retinopathy

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dc.contributor.authorÖzmen B.
dc.contributor.authorBoyvada S.
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-22T08:24:56Z
dc.date.available2024-07-22T08:24:56Z
dc.date.issued2003
dc.description.abstractBackground: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem with long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications responsible for the majority of its mortality and morbidity. The development and progression of diabetic complications are strongly related to the degree of glycemic control. To decrease the occurrence of these complications, instruments for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) have been developed and have become widely used among diabetic patients. In this study, we determined the relationship between SMBG control and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, with and without diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-seven type 2 diabetic patients (mean age [mean±S.D.]: 58.07±9.13 years, duration of diabetes: 8.63±6.8 years) participated in this study. Following an educational program on SMBG, glucometers and usage of oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, optic fundi were examined and HbAlc levels were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. The patients were classified in three groups according to their funduscopic findings: without retinopathy (n=140, 52.4%), background retinopathy (n=75, 28.1%) and proliferative retinopathy (n=52, 19.5%). Results: HbAlc levels at baseline, after 6 and 12 months were 9.09±2.69%, 7.47±1.78% and 7.12±1.4%, respectively, mean±S.D. The values decreased significantly after the education program (P<.001 for both values compared with baseline). The prevalence of retinopathy (both background and proliferative) was 0.8% in the group of diabetics with a mean HbAlc level <6%, 7.1% in those between 6.1% and 6.9%; 9.4% in those between 7% and 7.9%; 11.8% between 8% and 8.9%; and 70.9% in those exceeding a mean HbAlc level of 9%. There was a statically significant relationship between proliferative diabetic retinopathy and body mass index (BMI; P<.001). The same relationship was observed between duration of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (P<.001), but not between sex and diabetic retinopathy (P=.46). Conclusions: Implementing a program of SMBG control in type 2 diabetic patients results in lower levels of HbAlc at 6 and 12 months. In the group without diabetic retinopathy at 6- and 12-month controls, the mean HbAlc concentration is less than 7%, but in the group with diabetic (background and proliferative) retinopathy, this value could not be reduced below 7%. These results imply that SMBG would allow us to maintain better metabolic control by improving HbAlc levels and we have always kept in mind that SMBG was a part of an educational program. On the other hand, improving glycemic control prevents the onset or progression of diabetic microvascular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Long-term clinical studies should be performed to determine cost-effectiveness and the effects of SMBG on diabetic complications, morbidity and mortality. © 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
dc.identifier.DOI-ID10.1016/S1056-8727(02)00200-3
dc.identifier.issn10568727
dc.identifier.urihttp://akademikarsiv.cbu.edu.tr:4000/handle/123456789/20175
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.publisherElsevier Inc.
dc.subjectantidiabetic agent
dc.subjectglucose
dc.subjectglycosylated hemoglobin
dc.subjectinsulin
dc.subjectadult
dc.subjectaged
dc.subjectarticle
dc.subjectbody mass
dc.subjectconcentration response
dc.subjectcontrolled study
dc.subjectcost effectiveness analysis
dc.subjectdiabetic nephropathy
dc.subjectdiabetic neuropathy
dc.subjectdiabetic retinopathy
dc.subjectdisease course
dc.subjecteducation program
dc.subjecteye fundus
dc.subjectfemale
dc.subjectglucose blood level
dc.subjectglycosylation
dc.subjecthuman
dc.subjectmajor clinical study
dc.subjectmale
dc.subjectmicroangiopathy
dc.subjectnon insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
dc.subjectpriority journal
dc.subjectself monitoring
dc.subjectstatistical analysis
dc.titleThe relationship between self-monitoring of blood glucose control and glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without diabetic retinopathy
dc.typeArticle

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