Evaluation of conjunctival swab sampling in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis: A two-year follow-up study in Çukurova Plain, Turkey

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dc.contributor.authorKarakuş M.
dc.contributor.authorTöz S.
dc.contributor.authorErtabaklar H.
dc.contributor.authorPaşa S.
dc.contributor.authorAtasoy A.
dc.contributor.authorArserim S.K.
dc.contributor.authorÖlgen M.K.
dc.contributor.authorZiya Alkan M.
dc.contributor.authorDurrant C.
dc.contributor.authorÖzbel Y.
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-22T08:12:35Z
dc.date.available2024-07-22T08:12:35Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.description.abstractThe diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs is a very important and problematic public health issue in Turkey. A longitudinal study was carried out on dogs in selected villages in the Çukurova Plain in Turkey, from July 2011 to June 2013, where cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) leishmaniasis is endemic. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of CanL and to evaluate the early diagnostic performance of the non-invasive conjunctival swab nested PCR (CS n-PCR) test in comparison with the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). The consecutive blood and CS samples from a representative number of dogs (80-100 dogs/each survey) were collected in a cohort of 6 villages located in the area. Clinical symptoms, demographic and physical features about each dog were noted and lymph node aspiration samples were obtained from selected dogs with lymphadenopathy. In four surveys during the period, a total of 338 sets (blood and CS) of samples from 206 dogs were obtained, such that 83 dogs were sampled more than once. In the cross-sectional analysis, the CanL prevalence was found to be 27.18% (between 7.14% and 39.13%) by IFAT and 41.74% (between 29.03% and 46.66%) by CS n-PCR. The isolated strains were identified as Leishmania infantum MON-1 (n = 9) and MON-98 (n = 2) by MLEE analysis. Genetic studies targeting the Hsp70 and ITS1 regions performed on 11 dog isolates also showed two clear separate groups. According to IFAT results, 24 of the 83 dogs sampled more than once showed seroconversion (n = 19) or a four-fold increase in Ab titers (n = 5), while 17 were positive in the initial screening. Forty-two dogs stayed negative during the whole period. The natural Leishmania exposure rate was detected as 31.14% in the study area. CS n-PCR only detected Leishmania infection earlier than IFAT in 8 dogs. No statistical difference was found after the analysis of demographical and physical data. The results indicated that (i) circulation of the dog population is very common in settlements in the Çukurova Plain, but the disease prevalence is high and stable, (ii) the performance of CS n-PCR for detecting Leishmania-dog contact is higher than IFAT, (iii) and some of the parasites isolated from dogs have different zymodemes and/or genotypes from previous human and sand fly isolates; suggesting the probability of two different cycles of leishmaniasis in this particular area. This hypothesis should be supported by future studies targeting vectors and reservoirs. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
dc.identifier.DOI-ID10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.009
dc.identifier.issn03044017
dc.identifier.urihttp://akademikarsiv.cbu.edu.tr:4000/handle/123456789/16112
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.publisherElsevier B.V.
dc.subjectAnimals
dc.subjectConjunctiva
dc.subjectCross-Sectional Studies
dc.subjectDNA, Ribosomal Spacer
dc.subjectDog Diseases
dc.subjectDogs
dc.subjectFemale
dc.subjectFollow-Up Studies
dc.subjectHSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins
dc.subjectLeishmania
dc.subjectLeishmaniasis
dc.subjectMale
dc.subjectTurkey
dc.subjectheat shock protein 70
dc.subjectinternal transcribed spacer 1
dc.subjectheat shock protein 70
dc.subjectribosomal spacer DNA
dc.subjectanimal tissue
dc.subjectantibody titer
dc.subjectArticle
dc.subjectblood examination
dc.subjectcanine leishmaniasis
dc.subjectclinical feature
dc.subjectcohort analysis
dc.subjectconjunctival swab sampling
dc.subjectcontrolled study
dc.subjectcross-sectional study
dc.subjectdemography
dc.subjectdiagnostic test
dc.subjectdog breed
dc.subjectdog disease
dc.subjectearly diagnosis
dc.subjectendemic disease
dc.subjectfemale
dc.subjectfluorescent antibody technique
dc.subjectfollow up
dc.subjectgenotype
dc.subjectinfant
dc.subjectintermethod comparison
dc.subjectLeishmania infantum
dc.subjectleishmaniasis
dc.subjectlongitudinal study
dc.subjectlymph node biopsy
dc.subjectlymphadenopathy
dc.subjectmale
dc.subjectnon invasive measurement
dc.subjectnonhuman
dc.subjectparasite identification
dc.subjectparasite isolation
dc.subjectphysical parameters
dc.subjectpolymerase chain reaction
dc.subjectprevalence
dc.subjectprotein targeting
dc.subjectseroconversion
dc.subjectskin leishmaniasis
dc.subjectsymptom
dc.subjectTurkey (republic)
dc.subjectvisceral leishmaniasis
dc.subjectanimal
dc.subjectclassification
dc.subjectconjunctiva
dc.subjectdog
dc.subjectDog Diseases
dc.subjectgenetics
dc.subjectLeishmania
dc.subjectleishmaniasis
dc.subjectparasitology
dc.subjectTurkey
dc.subjectveterinary
dc.titleEvaluation of conjunctival swab sampling in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis: A two-year follow-up study in Çukurova Plain, Turkey
dc.typeArticle

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