Comparative toxicities of selected rare earth elements: Sea urchin embryogenesis and fertilization damage with redox and cytogenetic effects
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Date
2016
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Abstract
Background: Broad-ranging adverse effects are known for rare earth elements (REE), yet only a few studies tested the toxicity of several REE, prompting studies focusing on multi-parameter REE toxicity. Methods: Trichloride salts of Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd were tested in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos and sperm for: (1) developmental defects in either REE-exposed larvae or in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm; (2) fertilization success; (3) mitotic anomalies in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm, and (4) reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Results: REEs affected P. lividus larvae with concentration-related increase in developmental defects, 10-6 to 10-4 M, ranking as: Gd(III)>Y(III)>La(III)>Nd(III)≅Eu(III)>Ce(III)≅Sm(III). Nominal concentrations of REE salts were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant increases in MDA levels, ROS formation, and NO levels were found in REE-exposed embryos. Sperm exposure to REEs (10-5 to 10-4 M) resulted in concentration-related decrease in fertilization success along with increase in offspring damage. Decreased mitotic activity and increased aberration rates were detected in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm. Conclusion: REE-associated toxicity affecting embryogenesis, fertilization, cytogenetic and redox endpoints showed different activities of tested REEs. Damage to early life stages, along with redox and cytogenetic anomalies should be the focus of future REE toxicity studies. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.
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Animals , Chromosome Aberrations , Embryonic Development , Fertilization , Metals, Rare Earth , Oxidative Stress , Paracentrotus , Echinoidea , Paracentrotus lividus , cerium , europium , gadolinium , lanthanide , lanthanum , malonaldehyde , neodymium , nitric oxide , reactive oxygen metabolite , samarium , yttrium , lanthanide , concentration (composition) , cytogenetics , damage , echinoderm , embryo , embryonic development , fertilization (reproduction) , physiology , rare earth element , redox conditions , reproductive success , sperm , toxicity , toxicity test , animal experiment , Article , chromosome analysis , controlled study , cytogenetics , embryo , embryo development , embryotoxicity , fertilization , lipid peroxidation , mass spectrometry , mitosis rate , nonhuman , Paracentrotus lividus , priority journal , progeny , sperm , animal , chemically induced , chromosome aberration , comparative study , drug effects , embryo development , embryology , fertilization , oxidative stress , Paracentrotus