Immunophenotyping in acute myeloblastic leukemia: Review; [Akut miyeloblastik lösemide i̇mmünofenotipik deǧerlendirme]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous disease, presenting with a high diversity of phenotypes. Immunophenotyping is essential for diagnosis and definition of particular myeloid leukemia subtypes such as M0, M7 and M3 variants which cannot be defined by cytomorphology or cytochemistry alone. M0 blasts show minimally antigenic differentiation and also morphologically resemble to FAB L1/L2 blasts of lymphoblastic leukemia. Additionally, it can express TdT and lymphoid associated antigens such as CD2, CD4, CD7, CD10, CD19 and can be diagnosed falsely as myeloid antigen positive lymphoblastic leukemia. cyCD3, CD5 and cyCD79a antigens are the best markers in differantation of M0 and lymphoblastic leukemia. HLA-DR and CD34 are the best markers in differantation of M3 and other subtypes of myeloid leukemia. In this sense, CD14 is also a valuable marker, because it is not reported in any case of promyelocytic leukemia. M7 subtypes of myeloid leukemia can not be diagnosed by routine cytochemical dyes unless immunophenotyping. The establishing of CD41 (gpIIb) and/or CD61( gpIIIa)positivity and myeloperoxidase negativity on blasts by immunophenotyping can confirm megakaryoblastic leukemia diagnosis. Recently, immunophenotyping of blast cells by flow cytometry plays an increasing role in diagnosis and following of minimal residual disease. The antigens assosciated with poor prognosis in myeloid leukemia are CD7, CD56 and CD34. A phenotype of CD117+CD34+CD15+ is expressed in many myeloid leukemia subgroups and is used in following of minimally residual disease during remission. In conclusion, CD13, CD33, HLA-DR, CD34, CD117, CD11, CD14, CD15, CD41, CD61, MPO, CD65, cyCD3, CD7, cyCD79a, and CD19 markers should be studied in all cases of myeloid leukemia at presentation. Copyright © 2010 by Türkiye Klinikleri.
Description
Keywords
CD19 antigen , CD2 antigen , CD34 antigen , CD4 antigen , CD61 antigen , CD7 antigen , common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen , fibrinogen receptor , HLA DR antigen , acute megakaryocytic leukemia , acute myeloblastic leukemia , cytochemistry , human , immunophenotyping , myeloid leukemia , phenotype , review