Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update

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dc.contributor.authorLevy M.L.
dc.contributor.authorBacharier L.B.
dc.contributor.authorBateman E.
dc.contributor.authorBoulet L.-P.
dc.contributor.authorBrightling C.
dc.contributor.authorBuhl R.
dc.contributor.authorBrusselle G.
dc.contributor.authorCruz A.A.
dc.contributor.authorDrazen J.M.
dc.contributor.authorDuijts L.
dc.contributor.authorFleming L.
dc.contributor.authorInoue H.
dc.contributor.authorKo F.W.S.
dc.contributor.authorKrishnan J.A.
dc.contributor.authorMortimer K.
dc.contributor.authorPitrez P.M.
dc.contributor.authorSheikh A.
dc.contributor.authorYorgancıoğlu A.
dc.contributor.authorReddel H.K.
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-22T08:02:04Z
dc.date.available2024-07-22T08:02:04Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractThe Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 by the World Health Organization and the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute to improve asthma awareness, prevention and management worldwide. GINA develops and publishes evidence-based, annually updated resources for clinicians. GINA guidance is adopted by national asthma guidelines in many countries, adapted to fit local healthcare systems, practices, and resource availability. GINA is independent of industry, funded by the sale and licensing of its materials. This review summarizes key practical guidance for primary care from the 2022 GINA strategy report. It provides guidance on confirming the diagnosis of asthma using spirometry or peak expiratory flow. GINA recommends that all adults, adolescents and most children with asthma should receive inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing therapy to reduce the risk of severe exacerbations, either taken regularly, or (for adults and adolescents with “mild” asthma) as combination ICS–formoterol taken as needed for symptom relief. For patients with moderate–severe asthma, the preferred regimen is maintenance-and-reliever therapy (MART) with ICS–formoterol. Asthma treatment is not “one size fits all”; GINA recommends individualized assessment, adjustment, and review of treatment. As many patients with difficult-to-treat or severe asthma are not referred early for specialist review, we provide updated guidance for primary care on diagnosis, further investigation, optimization and treatment of severe asthma across secondary and tertiary care. While the GINA strategy has global relevance, we recognize that there are special considerations for its adoption in low- and middle-income countries, particularly the current poor access to inhaled medications. © 2023, The Author(s).
dc.identifier.DOI-ID10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1
dc.identifier.issn20551010
dc.identifier.urihttp://akademikarsiv.cbu.edu.tr:4000/handle/123456789/11695
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.publisherNature Research
dc.rightsAll Open Access; Gold Open Access
dc.subjectAdministration, Inhalation
dc.subjectAdolescent
dc.subjectAdrenal Cortex Hormones
dc.subjectAdult
dc.subjectAnti-Asthmatic Agents
dc.subjectAsthma
dc.subjectChild
dc.subjectFormoterol Fumarate
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectPrimary Health Care
dc.subjectbeta 2 adrenergic receptor stimulating agent
dc.subjectcorticosteroid
dc.subjectformoterol
dc.subjectshort acting drug
dc.subjectantiasthmatic agent
dc.subjectcorticosteroid
dc.subjectformoterol fumarate
dc.subjectadolescent
dc.subjectadoption
dc.subjectadult
dc.subjectage
dc.subjectasthma
dc.subjectAsthma Control Test
dc.subjectchild
dc.subjectclinical outcome
dc.subjectcombination drug therapy
dc.subjectcontrol strategy
dc.subjectcorticosteroid therapy
dc.subjectdisease exacerbation
dc.subjectdisease severity
dc.subjectfuturology
dc.subjectglobal health
dc.subjecthuman
dc.subjectlong term care
dc.subjectlow drug dose
dc.subjectlow income country
dc.subjectmaintenance therapy
dc.subjectmeta analysis (topic)
dc.subjectmiddle income country
dc.subjectmonotherapy
dc.subjectpatient referral
dc.subjectpeak expiratory flow
dc.subjectpediatric patient
dc.subjectpersonalized medicine
dc.subjectpractice guideline
dc.subjectprimary care access
dc.subjectprimary medical care
dc.subjectpulmonologist
dc.subjectReview
dc.subjectrisk factor
dc.subjectrisk reduction
dc.subjectsevere asthma
dc.subjectspirometry
dc.subjectsymptom
dc.subjectsystematic review (topic)
dc.subjecttertiary health care
dc.subjectasthma
dc.subjectinhalational drug administration
dc.subjectprimary health care
dc.titleKey recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update
dc.typeReview

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