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Item Hydroxyapatite coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy via sol-gel methodAlbayrak, S; Çinici, H; Çalin, R; Cömert, CProducing a material lighter than available biomaterials, having corrosion-resistance to biological attacks and histocompatible similar to the bone structure in order to use in biomedical applications is the purpose of this study. Lightness is extremely important in biomedical applications because stainless steel and many of the similar heavy metallic alloys can lead to infection by causing harm to tissues around the implant when it is used in the body. Although the lightness of AZ91 Mg alloy is an advantage, it is not strength enough to use in human body and it degrades in biological environment After AZ91 Mg alloy powders were pressed with unidirectional hot pressing machine under 275 MPa pressure and 320 degrees C temperature, their surfaces were coated with hydroxyapatite to provide sufficient strength and prevent the degradation of specimens using sol-gel and dip coating method with different dipping number. Then the specimens were sintered at the temperature of 400 degrees C. The surface morphologies and phase structures of coated specimens were analyzed with SEM and XRD, respectively.Item The Reflection of The Wealth Tax in the Turkish NovelGökbunar, R; Çandir, M; Arslan, A; Özcan, PMTurkey experienced a serious economic crisis during the Second World War. During this period, defense expenditures increased and agricultural production plummeted. First in Ankara and then in Istanbul, bread was given out in rations and essential goods such as flour, sugar, and medicine became hard to find. Life became very expensive, and a black market emerged from these circumstances. New and unusual tax programs had to be implemented in order to meet the demands of the war time economy. The wealth tax that was introduced for this purpose is not very different from the tax laws implemented in Europe during times of war. The wealth tax left indelible memories on society during this period. The memories, emotions, and thoughts created by the wealth tax appear in novels of the period. This study examines novels that document emotions related to the wealth tax, which is one of the most controversial topics of Turkish economic history.Item Validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of the Clinician Rated Severity of Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorders ScaleAydin, O; Çökmüs, FP; Aydemir, ÖObjective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the Clinician Rated Severity of Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorders Scale. The scale was originally developed to measure the severity of autism spectrum and social communication disorders regarding the DSM-5 criteria. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry at Celal Bayar University Hospital. The participants were in- or out-patients diagnosed with any psychotic disorders according to DSM-5. The exclusion criteria were comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders and/or physical diseases. The study was carried out with a total of 49 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=40), schizoaffective disorder (n=3), and not otherwise specified psychotic disorder (n=3). One hundred and one volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also included to represent the healthy control. Reliability analysis was performed to examine the internal consistency of the Turkish version of the scale. Additionally, item-total correlations were reported. In validity analyses, comparison of the total score of the scale in the patient and control groups was evaluated for the discriminative validity. ROC analysis was also performed. Results: 52.7% of the sample were male (n=79). 69.3% of them were graduated from university (n=104), 19.3% from high school (n=29), and 8% from elementary school (n=12). The mean age of the study group was 26.3 +/- 10.3 years. Disease duration of psychotic disorder group was 18,29 +/- 6.43 years. The internal consistency of the Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorder Scale was 0.81. Furthermore, item-total correlations revealed that all items in the scale contributed to the consistency of scores with item-total correlations approaching 0.70. The mean score of the scale in the patient group on the scale was 1.42 whereas the mean score of the healthy group was 0.0. The t-test analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the sample group and the healthy group in their scores on the scale. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.84. Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the Turkish version of Autism Spectrum and Social Communication Disorder Scale was a valid and reliable instrument which may serve as useful in guiding future research that aims to understand autism spectrum and social communication disorder.Item Evaluation of Children with Ralstonia pickkettii BacteraemiaYesil, E; Hacimustafaoglu, M; Çelebi, S; Özer, A; Kilimci, DD; Eren, H; Özakin, CObjective: Ralstonia pickettii is an opportunistic pathogen that is often considered to be contaminant. It can cause infection due to colonisation in infusion solutions and disinfectants. Although rare, it can lead to nosocomial outbreaks, so this agent should not be ignored. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the growth of R. pickettii in blood cultures taken in the pediatric wards of our hospital, to analyze the outbreaks by R. pickettii and to discuss the precautions to prevent the outbreaks.Material and Methods: Patients with Ralstonia picketti in blood cultures, who were admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU; n= 46, 81%), neonatal intensive care unit (n= 7, 12%) and other pediatric wards (n= 4, 7%) between February 2014 and December 2017 were included into the study. Patient's data, the relation between the outbreaks and culture growths, and the sources and the prevention of potential outbreaks were evaluated. Recurrent growths were defined as a single episode.Results: Ralstonia pickettii detected in 57 different specimens in 38 different episodes in a total of 35 patients. Of the fifty-seven blood samples, 67% (n= 38) were peripheral blood cultures, 33% (n= 19) were catheter blood cultures and 74% of the samples lead to infection. Of the 38 ep-isodes, 63% (n= 24) were considered as infection and 37% (n= 14) was contamination. Median age of the patients were seven (0-180) months, and the major underlying comorbidity was congenital heart disease. Of 57 specimens with Raltstonia pickettii growth, 16 (28%) had only R. pickettii growth, and the remaining 41 (71%) cultured growths were poly -microbial. Among these, the most common accompanying microorganisms were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia species. Of 38 episodes, 58% (n= 22) had a central venous catheter (CVC), of which 64% (n= 14) developed catheter-related bloodstream infection due to R. pickettii. Eighty-one percent of the specimens were detected in the pediatric in-tensive care unit, and the outbreak situation was examined. Twenty-three (61%) of a total of 57 growths were associated with an outbreak of health-care-associated infection in three separate periods. Ralstonia pickettii was not detected in environment scans. Antibiogram features of the growths were similar and they were thought to be of the same isolate, no molecular study was applied. Three patients died within the first 30 days after the growth.Conclusion: Our study has the largest case series reported in a pediatric population in Turkiye and the world. The mortality rate due to R. pickettii was low. Eighty-one percent of the specimens were in the pediatric inten-sive care unit and 61% was associated with the outbreak. The importance of hospital infection control measures in preventing R. pickettii and similar outbreaks were emphasized. A limited number of studies have been conducted on this subject in Turkiye, and we believe that our study will contribute to the literature.Item Do the Rodents Have a Role in Transmission of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Turkey?Özbilgin, A; Çavus, I; Yildirim, A; Gündüz, CLeishmaniasis is a zoonotic/anthroponotic vector borne parasitic infection which is caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.) The reservoirs of Leishmania species in nature are various wild and domestic carnivores, rodents and human. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the rodents in genera Meriones, Mesocricetus, Rattus and Mus which inhabit in the natural habitat of our country could be natural reservoirs of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani for cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)., The rodents Mus musculus (Balb/C mouse), Mesocricetus auratus (hamster), Meriones unguiculatus (gerbil) and Rattus norvegicus (rat) which are part of the natural habitat in Turkey were used in the study. L.tropica, L.infantum, L.major and L.donovani promastigote isolates obtained from CL patients and cultured in enriched media were injected in the footpads of the animals intradermally using the density of 10(8) promastigote/ml. The scale of the lesions on the footpads of the animals were measured for 12 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and touch preparations were prepared using footpad, liver, spleen and testicles of the sacrified animals and were examined using Giemsa stained slides following culturing in enriched NNN medium. Leishmania amastigotes were seen in the slides prepared from the footpads of the all experimental animals and all cultures were positive for promastigotes prepared from the same clinical material. But not all the experiment groups were positive for the liver, spleen and testicle preparations. According to these results it was concluded that while all rodents in the experiment groups were positive for CL, only a part of the experiment groups were positive for internal organ involvement. Accordingly, (a) All Leishmania strains caused both CL and internal organ involvement in M.unguiculatus and M.musculus, (b) only L.tropica caused CL and internal organ involvement in R.norvegicus, while other Leishmania strains only caused CL in this group, (c) in M.auratus only L.donovani caused CL while other strains caused both CL and internal organ involvement. In our study, it was determined that the rodents Meriones, Mesocricetus, Rattus and Mus genera which are part of our country's natural habitat could serve as natural reservoirs of L.tropica, L.infantum, L.major and L.donovani, thus having the potential for the spreading of Leishmaniasis in our country and important information were gathered concerning the clinical aspects of the infection caused by Leishmania species in their potential reservoir hosts.Item Virtual Reality-Based Medical Device EducationÖzdemir, HI; Çakmak, B; Yol, S; Özdemir, HE; Özdemir, NCDevelopments in technology allow the use of different tools and methods fir educational purposes. New technologies affect the health sector quickly and provide convenience in many applications. It is expected that virtual reality will be used widely in healthcare services in the near future. With regard to nursing and other health professions, a major concern around the world is the limited opportunities available for practice in the clinical setting, mainly due to the lack of clinical placement sites and the priority of patient safety. Many studies have highlighted the theory-practice gap between the theoretical abstractions learned in academic education and the practical skills required for their application in real-world professional practice environments. User training in biomedical services is the most important step in preventing malfunctions and making the right intervention to the patient. Virtual reality is already used in many areas such as surgical planning, surgery applications, phobia treatment, stress disorders in the health sector, It is to adapt the augmented virtual reality technology to the health sector to make education healthier and more efficient with this study. We predict that this gap between theory and practice in education can be overcome with VR simulation, taking into account clinical concerns and insufficiencies.Item Effects of Efflux Pump Inhibitors and Antileishmanial Drug Combinations on Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum IsolatesÖzel, Y; Çavus, I; Tunali, V; Aksoy, T; Ünlü, M; Özbilgin, ADrug resistance, one of the most important public health problems facing humanity, necessitates new strategies and approaches in the development of antileishmanial agents. Although developments regarding efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and other candidate agents are promising, the search continues to increase the duration of use and efficacy of existing antileishmanials. The aim of this study was to investigate the antileishmanial effects of three EPIs, namely reserpine, berberine and verapamil. The antileishmanial activities of EPIs, pentostam and miltefosine against Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum strains were determined by broth microdilution method. Minimum parasiticidal concentration (MPC) values were determined by inverted microscope and IC50 values were determined by MTT viability assay method. The effects of EPIs with determined antileishmanial activities on miltefosine and pentostam were investigated by checkerboard method. The MPC values of antileishmanial drugs miltefosine and pentostam for L.tropica and L.infantum were determined as 64 and 196 pg/mL at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The MPC values of EPIs reserpine and berberine were determined as 314 and 64 pg/mL for the same incubation times and for verapamil, they were determined as 80 pg/mL at 24 hours and 40 pg/mL at 48 hours. Among anti-leishmanials, the IC50 values of miltefosine were calculated as 4.91/3.47 and 4.05/2.91 pg/mL for L.tropica and L.infantum at 24 and 48 hours, respectively and that of pentostam were calculated as 34.58/59.86 and 18.48/40.63 pg/mL at the same incubation times, respectively.The IC50 values of EPIs, reserpine, berberine, and verapamil were calculated as 74.05/50.61, 7.27/6.1, and 12.52/4.53 pg/mL for L.tropica at 24/48 hours, respectively and 64.52/51.72, 8.21/8.01, and 11.59/7.69 pg/mL for L.infantum. When miltefosine was combined with reserpine, berberine or verapamil, synergistic interactions were observed at 24 and 48 hours of incubation. When pentostam was combined with reserpine, partial synergy was observed at 24 hours and synergy was observed at 48 hours. When pentostam was combined with berberine or verapamil, synergistic interactions were observed at both incubation conditions. Synergy results were found to be the same in both L.tropica and L.infantum strains. In recent years, the speed of research on the discovery of new antimicrobials has significantly decreased and it has become necessary to investigate new molecules that can affect resistance mechanisms. It is thought that EPIs may be a promising approach that can increase the clinical performance of antileishmanial agents and reduce the level of side effects in the fight against drug resistance.Item The effect of Electro Magnetic Fields on Cell BehaviourTuglu, MI; Gülbagça, F; Sal, DH; Saygili, S; Sönmez, PK; Aydemir, I; Özkut, M; Öztürk, S; Gümüsay, M; Kaya, A; Keskin, NThe biologic effects of electomagnetic fields application on medical field has been increased. Their effect on medical treatment depends on cell behaviour which can be observed by in vivo and in vitro studies. Their effect on the stem cells and the cell lines and the organs of experimental animals with morphological alterations are helpful to understand cell behaviour. The behaviour of the cells can be analyse at ultrastructial level by scaning electron microscopy. Application of electomagnetic fields cause increase of proliferation, migrationand improvement of wound healing with beneficial effects while they cause oxidative stress and cell daeth including apoptosis for cancer cells in different types of cell line. The minimal side effect with maximum beneficial treatment of these products suggest that they could be very useful for clinical trials.Item Evaluation of Macula with Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Decreased Visual Acuity after Successful Retinal Detachment SurgerySeymenoglu, G; Sahin, BÖ; Top, CG; Kayikçioglu, Ö; Baser, EPurpose: To study the foveal microstructural changes that may explain the incomplete visual recovery in eyes with anatomically successful repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to evaluate the correlation between foveal changes and postoperative visual acuity. Material and Method: Forty-four eyes of 43 patients with macula-off RRDs were examined in our study Patients were examined on first, third and sixth months postoperatively The patients had a complete ophthalmological examination and OCT images were obtained at all postoperative visits. The postoperative OCT findings were classified in 4 groups: Group 1: continuous inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) line, Group 2: disrupted IS/OS line, Group 3: epiretinal membrane (ERM), Group 4: residual foveal detachment. Results: Postoperative OCT findings showed that group 1 consisted of 19 eyes (43.2%), group 2 consisted of 15 eyes (34.1%), group 3 consisted of 7 eyes (15.9%) and group 4 consisted of 3 eyes (6.8%). The mean best -corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly higher (p<0.001). Discussion: Spectral-domain OCT provides valuable information which helps the understanding of foveal microstructural changes and explains the possible causes of poor postoperative visual acuity in eyes with anatomically successful RRD repair.Item Al/Zn/Al2O3 and Zn/Al2O3 Coatings by Cold Spray Coating Method of WE43 Magnesium Alloy and Investigation of Its Wear BehaviorsGül, C; Albayrak, S; Çömez, N; Durmus, HMg alloys are preferred in automotive, aircraft, aerospace and communication industries due to their low specific gravity and high strength. WE series is a series of Mg alloys containing Mg, Y, Nd, rare earth elements, and although the creep strength is good for this alloy series, the wear resistance is open to improvement. The aim of this study is to develop coatings that can increase the wear resistance of WE43 Mg alloys, which have a high potential for use due to their specific gravity, by using a method that can be easily applied in the industry. For this purpose, using the cold spray coating method, magnesium alloys, whose surfaces are highly active, are provided to be coated without oxidation and wear resistance is improved. In the study carried out, WE43 Mg alloys, which roughen the surfaces by fine sandblasting process, were used with cold spray method, using powders containing Al/Zn/Al2O3 and Zn/Al2O3 and trade names DYMET K-20-11 and DYMET K-00-11, respectively, using N2 shielding gas at 500 degrees C. 6 g/min for powders delivered to supersonic speeds under the atmosphere. The powder was sprayed onto the substrates using the feed rate. Morphological analysis of the coated and uncoated samples with different contents were examined by SEM, XRD methods, the coating thicknesses were measured with SEM images taken from the section, and the percentages of the elements were determined by EDS analysis. In addition, ball-on disc wear tests were performed to examine the wear performance and volume losses were evaluated. As a result, the wear loss of WE43 alloys was reduced by approximately 40% compared to the uncoated condition, thanks to the cold spray coatings.Item Comparison of the Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Placebo-Controlled StudyTikiz, C; Duruöz, T; Ünlü, Z; Cerrahoglu, L; Yalçinsoy, EObjective: To evaluate the effect of low-level laser treatment (LLLT) and pulsed ultrasound (US) treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and to compare the effects of both treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: 60 patients diagnosed with CTS were randomly divided into four groups as US group (group 1), placebo US group (group 2), LLLT group (group 3) and plasebo LLLT group (group 4). Both treatments were applied five days a week for three weeks. Clinical and electrophysiological assessments were performed before and 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Pain, hypoesthesia and handgrip strength were evaluated. The Boston Questionnaire was used to assess the severity of symptoms and functional status. Results: 52 patients with 101 hands completed the study. Demographic and electrophysiological parameters were similar in the four groups. Both pulsed US treatment and LLLT were found to provide significant improvements in clinical parameters such as pain, sensory loss, symptom severity score and functional capacity score (p<0.05). No significant beneficial effect was observed in both placebo groups (p<0.05). Evaluations of the electrophysiological parameters showed no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). In terms of clinical efficacy, pulsed US was found to be superior to LLLT (p<0.05). Conclusion: The two treatment modalities showed significant improvements in subjective clinical symptoms while no significant changes were observed in any electrophysiological parameters.Item Experimental and numerical studies on improvement of heat transfer of OLED TVsNil, M; Öztürk, Y; Akgül, MB; Sari, GIn this study, the thermal behaviors of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) televisions are investigated experimentally and numerically. Organic light emitting diodes are very sensitive to temperature. For this reason, the heat emitted from the diodes must be removed quickly from the environment. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, the use of an effective heat spreader between the screen and the metal casing is proposed as a mechanism for improving the temperature distributions for heat transfer. Pyrolytic graphite plate and tempered pyrolytic graphite plate were used as heat spreader. The graphical heat transfer coefficients of the graphite plates are considerably higher than in the normal direction. The effectiveness of these proposed mechanisms is demonstrated by simulation. As an example model, OLED TV was selected in 15 dimensions and both experimental and numerical thermal analyzes were performed. The temperature distributions of the OLED were obtained with the help of the ANSYS ICEPAK program, a commercial code that uses the finite volume method. Simulation and test results are obtained very close to each other. The thermal management contributions of OLED TVs using different thicknesses of pyrolytic and tempered pyrolytic graphite plates are presented experimentally and numerically. In the second part, a dual action piezo fan design is proposed. The design parameters of the piezo fan were determined and the numerical analyzes for these parameters were made with the Comsol Multiphysics program. Experimental measurements were made for design dimensions determined by numerical analysis. The result is that the use of a dual-acting piezo provides more efficient cooling than the existing synthetic jets.Item Validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of DSM-5 Level 2 Somatic Symptom Scale (Child Form for 11-17 years and Parent Form for 6-17 years)Yalin Sapmaz, S; Serim Demirgören, B; Yörük Ülker, G; Aydemir, ÖObjective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) Level 2 Somatic Symptom Scale's Child and Parent Forms. Methods: The study group consisted of a community and clinical sample. The scale was applied to 120 parents and 186 adolescents that represented the clinical and community sample. During the assessment process, Child Somatization Inventory was also used. Results: Reliability analyses indicated a high internal consistency regarding DSM-5 Level 2 Somatic Symptom Scales, for parent forms and acceptable internal consistency for child forms. In the meantime, it was shown that both child and parents form for DSM-5 Level 2 Somatization Symptom Scale were significantly correlated with Child Somatization Inventory. As for the content validity, five factors for child forms and three factors for parent forms were obtained and was observed to be consistent with the original construct of the scale. Conclusion: It was concluded that Turkish version of DSM-V Level 2 Somatic Symptom Scale was a valid and reliable tool to be utilized both for clinical practice and research purposes.Item Frequency of precore/core mutants in chronic Hepatitis B casesAkçali, S; Sanlidag, T; Biçmen, C; Özbakkaloglu, B; Alasehir, EAObjective: In recent years, the presence of precore/core region mutations were uncovered by the examination of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is isolated from patient samples with anti-HBe seroconversion without viral replication loss. In this study, the frequency of precore/core mutations were investigated on serum samples obtained from chronic hepatitis B patients. Methods: From a total of 100 samples 69 anti-HBe and HBV DNA positive, and 31 HBeAg and HBV DNA positive samples were analyzed in the study to determine the mutations with the INNO-LIPA method at the Serology laboratory. Statistical analyses were bone with, SPSS v11.5 and chi-square and variance analysis (ANOVA) tests were conducted. Results: The precore mutations were detected in 68, while the core promoter mutations were present in 57 samples. Mutations were detected at the precore region in 11 out of 31 HBeAg positive (35%), and 57 out of 69 anti-HBe positive samples (83%). Likewise, the core promoter region was affected in 10 of 31 HBeAg (32%), and 47 out of 69 anti-HBe positive samples (68%). Both precore and core promoter mutations were substantially higher in the anti-HBe positive group (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, since precore/core mutations were prevalent in samples obtained from the study group, it is our opinion that careful attention must be paid to such mutations during the diagnosis and treatment phases of chronic hepatitis B patients.Item Child abuse and neglect based on the information obtained from mothers, and the factors affecting child abuseAltiparmak, S; Yildirim, G; Yardimci, F; Ergin, DObjective: In recent years, the issue of child abuse has been gaining increasing importance in the world both from medical and social respect. Child abuse is an issue in Turkey as well. Unreported or hidden cases and difficulties in diagnosis aggravate the importance of the problem causes and consequences of family violence. This study aims to determine the levels and the factors affecting child abuse. Methods: The study is cross sectional. The data were collected between May 10, 2010 and July 10, 2010. The study was conducted in the province of Manisa located in western Anatolia Region and in the province of Sivas located in Central Anatolia Region in Turkey and and therefore 600 mothers (300 mothers in each province) were reached. For the collection of the data, three forms were used: the socio-demographic questionnaire, the questionnaire of abuse/neglect, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results: In the study, mothers of 878 children were reached. Of the children in the study, 64.8% were exposed to physical abuse, 63.3% to emotional abuse, 36.0% to physical neglect and 7.0% to emotional neglect. Conclusion: In the study it was determined that women who had low economic status, underwent violence by their husbands, had been exposed to their parents' violence during their childhood and/or had low self-esteem scores exerted more violence on their children. This problem can only be solved by training both the family and the society on the prevention of violence prevention, and by providing adequate consulting services and support systems.Item Comparison of Conventional Methods with Molecular Methods in the Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis and Investigation of Metronidazole ResistanceÖzel, Y; Çavus, I; Usta, A; Ünlü, GV; Özbilgin, A; Ünlü, MTrichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted parasitic infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. In the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, direct microscopy (DM) is preferred, which is a cheap and fast method, although it has low sensitivity. Culture methods, which are accepted as the gold standard, can only be applied in certain centers due to the need for experienced personnel and the ability to get results within 2-7 days, despite their high sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to compare conventional microscopic and culture methods used in the routine diagnosis of T.vaginalis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and to investigate ntr4 and/or ntr6 gene polymorphism in the nitroreductase gene region, which are thought to be associated with metronidazole resistance in T.vaginalis strains isolated from clinical specimens. Vaginal swab specimens were collected from the posterior fornix of the vagina with two sterile ecuvion sticks during the gynecological examinations of 200 patients who applied to the Balikesir University Health Practice and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic between March 2019 and August 2021. The first swab sample was used for direct microscopic examination, Giemsa staining and conventional PCR analysis, while the second swab specimen was taken into trypti- case-yeast-extract-maltose (TYM) medium for T.vaginalis culture and followed for eight days at 37 degrees C. All specimens were screened for the presence of T.vaginalis using primers specific to the beta-tubulin (btub1) gene region and clinical isolates grown in TYM medium were examined for metronidazole resistance using primers specific for the nitroreductase gene region by using conventional PCR. Drug resistance test was also performed for the isolates in which polymorphism associated with metronidazole resistance was detected. Eight (4%) of 200 patient specimens were found positive by both culture/staining and PCR methods. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 39.9, while the mean age of the patients with positive T.vaginalis was 41.8. The most common clinical findings in the patients were foul-smelling vaginal discharge (36%), groin pain (21%), vaginal itching (19%), and burning sensation during urination (18%). In three out of eight T.vaginalis strains isolated from clinical samples, the presence of polymorphism in the ntr6 gene, which is thought to be associated with metronidazole resistance, was demonstrated by PCR. It was observed that three isolates with ntr6 gene polymorphism were phe notypically resistant to metronidazole (MLK= 390 mu M). In this study, the fact that three of eight clinical isolates that were resistant to metronidazole by the broth microdilution method and as well as showing ntr6 gene polymorphism supported the thesis that there might be a close relationship between metro- nidazole resistance and ntr6 gene polymorphism. As a result, the use of culture and molecular methods in the diagnosis of T.vaginalis, in addition to the microscopy method, may contribute to a more accurate laboratory diagnosis of the agent, to detect metronidazole resistance molecularly and phenotypically, to determine metronidazole resistance rates in our country and to update treatment protocols within the framework of these data.Item Automatic Summary Extraction in Texts Using Genetic AlgorithmsKarcioglu, AA; Yasa, ACAutomatic text summarization is one of the applications of natural language processing that has been studied for a long time. The increase in the amount of information in web resources has increased the need for automatic text summarization methods. It is difficult to design a system to produce abstracts created by human hands. For this reason, many researchers have focused on extracting sentences or paragraphs, which is a kind of summary. In this study, we introduce a method that was created using genetic algorithms to generate such summaries. After the texts are preprocessed, vocabulary is created and given as input to the proposed method. The sentence selection based on Genetic Algorithm is used to summarize and after that the summary is created, it is evaluated using the fitness function. In our first model, the fitness function is based on the frequency of each word and the word pair frequencies. The results of the applied model are discussed using the same dataset in another method based on tf-idf, with precision, recall, fscore and Rouge metrics.Item PREVALANCE OF FECAL INCONTINENCE AND ITS EFFECT ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN NURSING HOMES IN THE CITY OF IZMIRDedeli, Ö; Fadiloglu, Ç; Turan, I; Bor, SIntroduction: In this study, it was aimed to determine fecal incontinence prevalance and its effect on quality of life of elderly. Materials and Method: The research was carried out in a sample of a total of 304 elderly individuals who were selected senior citizens residing in three nursing homes within the city of Directorate of Social Services, izmir between the dates of September 2006-November 2006. Research data was collected by sociodemographic and bowel habit data form, reliable and valid Turkish Adaptation of Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQOLS) and Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI). Results: 9,5% of elderly in households stated fecal incontinence. The score of elderly's FIQOLS the reason of depression/self perception (12.5 +/- 4.6) and embrassment (4.2 +/- 2.6) domains were low, their psychosocial statement the most affected, Significant correlation between the FISI and FIQOLQ's domains depression/self perception (r=-0.8 p<0.05) and embrassment was found (r=-0.9 p<0.05). Conclusion: Fecal incontinence in elderly has negative effect on health and quality of life. Indepently from the severity of fecal incontinence type and prevalance, it is necessary to support to the elderly for their feeling well for physical, social, hygenic and psyhologic.Item The Addition of Graphite in Battery Waste to a Ceramic Soft Plastic BodyKöseoglu, K; Bayça, SUIn this study, graphite which was found in the battery waste was investigated as an addition of ceramic soft plastic body. In this purpose, graphite was taken out from battery waste. This graphite was added to ceramic raw materials and kneaded with some water. Plastic prepared parts were shaped by hand and shaped parts were dried in the ambient temperature. Dried bodies were fired at 900 degrees C temperature. Drying and fired shrinkage, water absorption and fired strength of these bodies were studied..Item The Diagnostic Value of Lesional Skin Smears Performed by Experienced Specialist in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Routine Microbiology LaboratoryAn, I; Harman, M; Çavus, I; Özbilgin, AObjective: Leishmaniasis is a common vector-borne infection affecting 12 million people in 98 countries. The most frequently used method in diagnosis is the microscopic investigation of the leishmania smears. The diagnostic value of this method varies according to the experience of the evaluator. In this prospective study, it was aimed to emphasize the importance of experience in the evaluation of lesional smears used in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: In this study, patients who were admitted to Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital Dermatological and Venereal Diseases Outpatient Clinic between January and December 2016 and who had lesions with suspicious cutaneous leishmaniasis were included. For all the cases, both in the routine microbiology laboratory and in the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, separate smears were performed by an experienced specialist and evaluated independently from each other. Results: In 70 of 98 cases studied, the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis was confirmed by laboratory evaluations. The rate of positivity was significantly higher in the smears analyzed by experienced specialist in the clinical and diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (95.7%) than in the smears analyzed by the routine microbiology laboratory (42.9%) (p<0.001). Conclusion: The data in our study showed that smears should be performed and evaluated by experienced specialists in the clinical and diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis.