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The impact of self-stigmatization on functioning in bipolar disorder
Aydemir, Ö
Objective: It has been shown that self-stigmatization causes low self-esteem and social anxiety in bipolar patients. In this study it is aimed to demonstrate the impact of self-stigmatization on psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder. Method: The study was carried out with 70 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. All patients were in remission and the remission state was confirmed by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score less than 7 and a Young Mania Rating Scale score less than 5. For the assessment of self-stigmatization, sense of stigmatization subscale of Bipolar Disorder Functioning Questionnaire (BDFQ-Stigma) was used. In the assessment of functioning, Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was applied which includes the dimensions such as autonomy, occupational functioning, cognitive functioning, financial issues, interpersonal relations, and leisure time. In the statistical analysis, regression analysis was performed. Results: In the regression analysis, R square was found to be 0.205 and the model was statistically significant (F=3.225, p=0.007). The only domain which is affected by self-stigmatization was found to be interpersonal relations (Beta=0.888, t=2.000, p<0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that self-stigmatization has negative impact on interpersonal relations by causing social anxiety as demonstrated previously. On the other hand self stigmatization does not show any adverse effect on the other dimensions of FAST including occupational functionality.
Reliability and validity of Turkish Form of DSM-5 Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale-Adult Version
Çökmüs, FP; Balikçi, K; Aydemir, O
Objective: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Turkish Form of DSM-5 SelfRated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale Adult Version which is developed according to DSM-5 criteria to measure the severity of general symptomatology. Methods: This research was carried out with patients and their relatives who fulfilled the criteria of any psychiatric disorder according to DSM-5 criteria in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics of Manisa Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine and healthy control group without any mental or physical disease. Accordingly, the distribution of psychiatric diagnosis of the patients were as follows: 39 patients with major depressive disorder, three patients with panic disorder, two patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, four patients with schizophrenia, two patients with schizoaffective disorder, seven patients with BTA anxiety disorder, two patients with conversion disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in one patient. Beside Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale, the most widely used for general semptomatology self-rated scale, Symptom Check List-90-Revised Form (SCL-90-R) was used for concurrent validity. In reliability analysis internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlation analysis; in validity analyses exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis with the SCL-90-R and subscales was performed for validation. Results: This research was carried out with 206 volunteers. 61.2% of the sample group (n= 126) were female and the mean age of the study group was 35.1 +/- 11.2 years. 29.6% of the group were college graduates, 36.4% primary school graduates, 7.8% middle school graduates and 23.3% were also high school. The internal consistency of the Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale was 0.94 and, item-total score correlation coefficients of the Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale were between 0.30-0.79. In the exploratory factor analysis, for sample adequacy Kaiser-Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was calculated as 0.92 and Bartlett coefficient was 3007.76. Three-factor solution was obtained, representing 60.8% of the total variance. In the analysis of the correlation between the subscales of SCL-90-R and subscales of the Level 1 CrossCutting Symptom Scale were as follows; for depression r= 0.72, for anxiety r= 0.80, for somatization r= 0.72, for psychosis r= 0.70, for obsessive compulsive symptoms r= 0.68, for personality r= 0.72, for suicide r= 0.53, for sleep r= 0.76, for anger r= 0.64 and for the total score r= 0.87 was obtained. Conclusion: These findings show that the Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Scale is reliable and valid for Turkish.
Comparison of anti-factorXa assay and rotational thromboelastogram in evaluating the efficacy of enoxaparine treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation
Gündüz, R; Yildiz, BS; Özdemir, IH; Özen, MB; Çetin, N; Yavuzgil, O
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare anti-factor Xa assay and tromboelastogram in evaluation of efficacy of enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with acute coronary syndrome were involved. Two blood samples were taken on admission and 4 hours after the subcutaneous injection of third dose of 1mg/kg enoxaparin to the patients. AntiFXa, tromboelastogram, activated coagulation time were calculated. Results: A non-significant increase in activated coagulation time was observed after the injection of enoxaparin. After injection enoxaparin thromboelastography parameters changed maximum amplitude(MA) increased (MA basal 65.4 +/- 11.9 after 63.4 +/- 7.8), R time increased (from 5 +/- 1.7 to 8.4 +/- 4.6,), K time increased (from 1.89 +/- 1.06 to 2.56 +/- 1.4), angle increased (from 66.34 +/- 5.6 to 57.9 +/- 11.4). AntiFXa increased. (from 0.122 +/- 0.06 to 0.501 +/- 0.359). Conclusion: Tromboelastography method can be used in assessment of efficacy of enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-Segment elevation.
Improvement in sleep quality with allergen-spesific immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis
Bayrak Degirmenci, P; Kirmaz, C; Deveci, A; Yüksel, H; Yilmaz, Ö
Objective: In the medical literature, it has been shown that quality of life and sleep quality are impaired due to allergic rhinitis and are improved with treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the change in sleep quality of patients with allergic rhinitis using allergen-specific immunotherapy. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis according to the clinical evaluation and skin prick test findings in Celal Bayar University Allergy-Immunology Outpatient Department were enrolled in our study. Sleep quality was evaluated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) just before specific immunotherapy was initiated and at the end of the first year of treatment with specific immunotherapy. Results: Frequency of having healthy sleep increased significantly after specific immunotherapy in the patients (p<0.001). A significant correlation was detected between the changes in symptom score and PSQI when evaluated with Spearman correlation analysis (p= 0.01). Improvement was demonstrated in subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficacy, factors influencing sleep, use of hypnotics, and daytime somnolence parameters of the PSQI with a decrease in symptom score. Conclusion: In our study, chronic sleep disorder disappeared and improvement in sleep quality was detected in most patients during the second evaluation one year after initiation of specific immunotherapy. Sleep quality increased as the symptom score decreased. These findings demonstrated improvement in the patients' sleep quality with improvement in symptoms following specific immunotherapy treatment. These data should be supported with longer specific immunotherapy therapy in patients with allergic rhinitis.
Knowledge of Nurses and Midwives Relating Emergency Contraception
Bayik, A; Karabulut, ÖÖ; Çoban, A
Nurses and midwives who have effective roles and responsibilities in family planning and emergency contraception services which prevents many risks of women's life are of vital position. Descriptive study was planned to determine knowledge of nurses and midwives relating emergency contraception. Population consisted of 81 volunteer midwives and 36 nurses who accepted to participate to study and, already employed at 16 Health Center and 3 Material Child Health and Family Planning Centers of Bornova Health District of Izmir metropolitan Area. The study group covered whole population. Data were gathered by a questionnaire form which was developed by the researchers and implemented between the dates 01.12.2002 and 02.02.2003. questionnaire form covered 30 questions; nine of them, reflected socio-demographic characteristics of nurses and midwives, five questions were related to find out their views and consulting experiences on emergency contraception and other 17 questions were organised in right and wrong answer choiced construct in order to asses their level of knowledge on emergency contraception. Level of knowledge was assessed by counting overall right answers for all questions by giving one point for each right answer. Overall right answers (17) reflected 100% level of knowledge. Mean age was 33.80 +/- 6.42, mean duration of employment was 10.26 +/- 6.44 years for nurses and midwives, 35.9 percent of them had high school level of nursing education, 57.3 % of them had associate degree level of nursing education and only 6.8 percent of them had a university degree. Only 49.6% of them, could describe emergency contraception correctly as pregnancy prevention method initiated after unprotected sexual intercourse, 41.9% of them reported that they met some women who sought advice about emergency contraception in health center, but 26.5% of them referred those individuals to physicians with any nursing interventions. 60.7% of them evaluated themselves as having insufficient knowledge on emergency contraception. While only 29.9% of them had in service education on emergency contraception, 59.8% of them wished to not get in service education and this results showed that nurses and midwives were not well motivated about their roles on emergency contraception. Mean score of knowledge level was found to be 11.0 and this score reflected 64.7% level of knowledge. No statistical differences were found between mean score of knowledge level and age groups and education level of nurses and midwives (P>0.05). Consequently the results indicated low level of knowledge and skills and insufficient motivation of nurses and midwives on emergency contraception.
Does cancer diagnosis cause suicide? How can risk perception and reduction be done?
Aydin, O; Deveci, A; Esen-Danaci, A
Cancer is a disease that requires a long-term treatment, therefore, its psychological impact on patients is important for clinical oncology. Despite improvements in medicine over the years, cancer continues to be an illness that inspires panic and anxiety among people, involves ambiguity, and evokes a death fraught with pain and suffering. Various studies show increased risk of suicide in people diagnosed with cancer. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among inpatient and outpatient cancer patients is approximately 50%. Many studies have shown that unrelieved pain, major depression, loss of control, emotional distress, and loss of physical functioning are the leading factors that may cause suicidal thoughts in cancer patients. The physician should be alert to such patient characteristics, make a good risk assessment, and be able to take appropriate action especially on patients at a high risk for suicide. The patient who attempted suicide must be seen by a psychiatrist as soon as the medical intervention is completed. Because, this period is often referred to as the period when people are in need for help like they have never been before. Psychotherapeutic modalities should not be time consuming; they should take into account the general condition of the patients, and involve their family members and the treatment team as necessary. It is both the psychiatrists' and the patient's primary physician's responsibility to find out and resolve the psychiatric conditions associated with the suicide. Solution-focused interventions that comply with this approach will contribute greatly to improving the quality of life of patients.
DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPES IN MANISA REGION, TURKEY
Sanlidag, T; Akçali, S; Özbakkaloglu, B; Ertekin, D; Akduman, E
The duration of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to the standard therapy is strongly related to the HCV genotypes. In addition, the geographical distribution of HCV genotypes is important for the epidemiological studies in terms of distribution and possible risk groups. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the distribution of HCV genotypes in Manisa region (located at the Aegean part of Turkey). A total of 100 anti-HCV (microparticle EIA; Abbott Laboratories, USA) and HCV-RNA (real time RT-PCR; Applied Biosystems, USA) positive patients (53 female, 47 male; mean age: 44.4 +/- 10.4 years), who were admitted to Celal Bayar University Medical School Hospital between 2002-2005, were included to the study. Quantitative HCV-RNA levels of the patients were between 10(4)-10(8) copies/ml. Complementary DNAs obtained from HCV-RNAs isolated by Invitek RTP DNA/RNA Virus Mini Kit were used for genotyping with selected primers [primer 11 (5'-AGG TCT CTG AGA CCG TGC ACC ATG AGC AC-3') and primer 13 (5'-CTG TGA GGA ACT ACT GTC TT-3') for the first PCR; primer 12 (5'-ACT GCC TGA TAG GGT GCT TGC GAG TG-3') and primer 14 (5'-CAC GCA GAA AGC GTC TAG-3') for the second PCR]. The RT-PCR products were purified with Invisorb Spin PCRapid Kit and sequenced by BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit in ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer. Genotype I was found in 92% of the patients (92%) and genotypes 2 and 4 were found in 7% of the patients, while HCV genotype could not be identified in one patient (1%). When evaluating the subtypes, genotype 1b was determined in 90 patients (90%), genotype 4a in five patients (5%), genotype 1 a in two patients (2%) and genotype 2a in two patients (2%). In conclusion, 1b was found to be the most common HCV genotype in Manisa region in concordance with the previous data obtained in Turkey, followed by genotype 4a, although a rare one. The data of this study is noteworthy especially for the arrangement of treatment and follow-up of HCV infected patients.
Adaptation of the Dementia Attitudes Scale into Turkish
Çetinkaya, A; Elbi, H; Altan, S; Rahman, S; Aydemir, Ö
Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Dementia Attitudes Scale which is developed to determine attitudes towards dementia. Methods: 326 volunteered students between the age of 20-44 years, studying in Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Health Sciences are included in this methodological study. Data of the study were collected with Demographic Data Form, Dementia Attitudes Scale and UCLA-Geriatrics Attitudes Scale. For the analysis of the data, the SPSS and Lisrel software were used. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Dementia Attitudes Scale is 0.84 which is quite high. Confirmatory factor analysis has supported three factor-structure of the scale: Supporting attitude, Accepting attitude and Exclusionary attitude. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed goodness of fit coefficients as 0.076 for RMSEA, 2.86 for the chi-square/sd, and 0.93 for CFI. The analysis showed that the adapted scale fits the model very well. The scale can discriminate between demographic characteristics and attitudes to dementia. The scale significantly correlates with UCLA-Geriatric Attitudes Scale measuring attitude towards the elderly. Conclusion: Dementia Attitude Scale is a valid and reliable scale that can be used in studies evaluating the attitude towards dementia.
Netherton's Syndrome: An Ultrastructural Study: Case Report
Öztürkcan, S; Inan, S; Sahin, MT; Ermertcan, AT; Güzel, EE; Müftüoglu, S
Hair samples taken from 12-year-old boy prediagnosed with Netherton's syndrome were evaluated by using light and electron microscopic methods. Hair samples were prepared according to routine electron microscopic procedures. Semi-thin sections were stained with methylene blue-azure II, thin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate-lead citrate. Besides atopy symptoms, hyperparakeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were seen in dermis. Results were in accordance with icthyosis linearis circumflexa. In cortex portion of hair, nodulary thickening and swelling were observed. There was a punctured proximal portion like a telescope in distal hair shaft segment. Cells that make up hair cortex were seen to be loosely arranged and there was detachment between cells exterior of cuticle. In evaluating all results trichorrhexis invaginata was identified. Patients given long term therapy for atopic dermatitis, which have breaking of hair in addition to icthyosis, Netherton's syndrome should be thought and investigation of hair samples for supporting the diagnosis is important.
A Cytogenetic Study on the Some Western Anatolian Triturus Species (Salamandridae, Urodela)
Kurt, FÖ; Koca, S
The karyotypes of two species in the name of Triturus vulgaris and Triturus karelinii, belonging Salamandridae family of Urodela order were analyzed. Chromosome numbers of both the Triturus species were identified as 2n=24 and chromosomes forming karyotypes clustred in three group, long, medium and short by their lengths. I, VIII and XIIth chromosome pairs in Triturus vulgaris showed metacentric morphology whereas the same chromosomes showed submetasentric morphology in Triturus karelinii. VI, VII, IX, X and XIth chromosome pairs in Triturus vulgaris were found to be submetasentric compared to metasentric morphology of same chromosome pairs in Triturus karelinii. The other chromosome pairs II, III, IV and V-th were found to have metasentric morphology in both species. According to our measurements, chromosomes of Triturus karelinii were found to be long and to have more regular line and intrakaryotypic variations between chromosomes were determined as low.
Evaluation of Shame and Guilt Emotions in the Scope of Cognitive Psychology
Söylemez, S; Koyuncu, M; Amado, S
Shame and guilt, which are classified as social emotions, are evaluated like a warning signal or a physiological punishment that regulates behavior during a social exclusion danger. These emotions play a key role in many psychological issues and are closely related to cognitive psychology. Besides the functions of shame and guilt in daily life, their adaptive and physiological characteristics, evolutionary features, and neurological structures draw attention to the relationship between these emotions and cognitive structures. However, in existing studies of cognitive psychology, these emotions have not been processed as extensively as basic emotions. In this review, shame and guilt emotions are introduced and their relation with cognitive psychology is tried to be emphasized. The literature reports that these emotions differ from basic emotions and from each other. Evolutionary sources are used to emphasize the importance of the feelings of shame and guilt and understand the functions they possess. Neurocognitive resources are utilized to evaluate the relation of these emotions with cognition on the basis of their extensions in the brain. At the end of the review, existing studies on shame and guilt in cognitive psychology are addressed. A brief summary about which subjects in relation to these emotions have been studied in Turkey in relation to these emotions is presented. This review concludes that a comprehensive approach needs to be adapted in future studies while discussing shame and guilt by considering cognitive properties of these emotions.
The effects of various cemen mixtures on the quality of pastrami II
Dogruer, Y; Nizamlioglu, M; Gürbüz, Ü; Kayaardi, S
This investigation has been done the effect of various cemen paste mixtures on the microbiological quality of pastrami. The pastramies which were prepared experimentally have been mixed with the various cemen pastes and the effects of these mixtures on the microbiological quality of pastramies were investigated on the Ist, 7th, 15th, 30th and 60th days. The count of total microorganisms was between 2.8x10(7) and 7.0x10(7)/g on the first day, and between 2.2x10(6)-3.4x10(6)/g on the 60 th day. The number of microorganisms showed remarkable differences between the groups in cemen paste according to its water ratio on the Ist, 7th and 30th days, and its cemen flour ratio on the Ist and 7th days, and its garlic ratio on the Ist day. It has been observed that the cemen paste consisting of 50% water, 15% cemen flour and 10% garlic showed the lowest microorganisms numbers. The number of yeast was between 8.2x10(4) and 1.4x10(7)/g On the first day, and between 3.8x10(3) and 1.2x10(4)/g on the 60th day. The number of yeast showed remarkable differences between the groups in cemen paste accoording to its water ratio on all phases except 15th day, its cemen flour and garlic ratio in all phases. The lowest yeast count have been determined in-the samples applied with cemen paste including 50% water: 15% cemen flour and 10% garlic on the account of yeast. The number of mould was between 1.2x10(6) and 2.5x10(6)/g on the first day, and between 7.6x10(4) and 98x10(8)/g on the 60th day. The number of mould showed remerkable differences between the groups in cemen paste acceding to its water ratio on the 7th, 15th. 30th and 60th days, its cemen flour ratio on the Ist, 15th, 30th days, its garlic ratio on the Ist, 7th and 15th days. The lowest mould count was determined in samples applied with cemen paste including 60% water, 1.5% cemen flour and 20% garlic. The number of Lactobacillus microorganisms was between 6.8x10(5)-3.5x10(6)/g on the first day and between 3.9x103-1.6x104/g on the 60 th day. The number of Lactobacillus microorganisms showed remerkable differences between the groups in cemen paste according to its water and garlic ratio on the 7th day, its cemen flour ratio on the Ist and 30th days. The lowest Lactobacillus microorganisms count was determined in samples applied with cemen paste including 40% water, 20% cemen flour and 15% garlic. The number of Staphylococcus-Micrococcus microorganisms was between 5.1x10(6)-2.1x10(8)/g on the first day, and between 1.4x10(5) and 3.9x10(5)/g on the 60th day. The number of microorganisms showed remerkable differences between the groups in cemen paste according to its water and garlic ratio on the 15th, 30th and 60th days and its cemen flour ratio on he Ist, 7th, 15th and 60th days. The lowest Staphylococcus-Micrococcus microorganisms count was determined in samples applied with cemen paste including 50% water, 20% cemen flour and 10% garlic. Enterobactericeae microorganisms were not cultivated in all phases of first stage of pastramies samples. The samples applied with cemen paste including 50% water, 15% cemen flour. and 20% garlic had the highest quality according to microbiological quality. In conclution, it was found that cemen paste including 50% water, 15% cemen flour and 20% garlic has positive effects on the quality factors.
Retrospective Evaluation of Cases Diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis
Ünal, F; Sahin, G; Cebe, A; Ayhan, S; Eren, F; Kasirga, E
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal canal characterised by remissions and exacerbations. This study aimed to make a retrospective evaluation of clinical and laboratory findings of patients being monitored with a diagnosis of IBD. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 18 patients with a diagnosis of IBD and 7 years of follow-up at our pediatric gastroenterology departments were investigated with respect to demographic data, complaints on presentation and accompanying diseases. Unusual findings from physical examination, endoscopic findings, histopathological findings and the applied treatments were examined. Results: The 18 patients (10 female, 8 male) included in this study had a mean age of 13.6 +/- 2.9 years and the mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 6.9 +/- 4.5 months. Seventeen patients were diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and 1 patient with intermediate colitis. There was a positive family history of the disease in 2 patients (11%). At the time of diagnosis, the most common complaints on presentation were found to be abdominal pain (100%), bloody diarrhea (94.5%) and tenesmus (44.4%). The most frequent laboratory findings were CRP positivity (89%), increased sedimentation rate (83.3%) and iron-deficient anaemia (77.7%). On colonoscopy, pancolitis involvement (66.6%) was most frequently encountered. Accompanying diseases to IBD were found to be familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (11%), celiac disease (5.5%) and Heliobacter pylori gastritis (5.5%). One patient (5.5%) who did not respond to medical treatment for pancolitis involvement underwent a colectomy. Discussion: The number of diagnoses of IBD in childhood is gradually increasing. Nonetheless, it can be difficult to define diseases with non-specific symptoms and this may cause a delay in diagnosis. Because of the association of autoimmune diseases with IBD, despite appropriate therapy, diseases with no remission which lead to gastrointestinal inflammation, such as FMF, should be further investigated.
Diagnostic and treatment process in a 12-year old adolescent with Kleine-Levin Syndrome: a case presentation
Özek Erkuran, H; Aydin Asik, E; Yalin Sapmaz, S
Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed disorder with typical onset at adolescence and a male dominance that is presented with hypersomnia, hyperphagia, dysinhibitated behavior and perceptive abnormalities. Even though increasing number of researches have been conducted to shed a light on its etiology, no clear underlying mechanism have yet been identified. Similar to relatively small information about etiology of the disorder, no specific treatment technique has been identified to successfully eliminate the phenomenon; however treatment options that target symptom relief and decline in frequency of episodes have been present. This case report aimed to present the clinical course of a 12 year old adolescent with KLS who was successfully treated with a combination of carbamazepine and short-acting methylphenidate that was used during episodes, along with discussion of relevant literature.
The Investigation of Submissive Behaviours of the Students Canditated for Health Professions
Eser, I; Khorshid, L; Arslan, GG
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine nursing-midwifery and medical students' submissive behaviour (SB) in Celal Bayar University Health School and Medical Faculty. Method: The sample of the research are composed of 100 nurse, midwifery and medical students attending Celal Bayar University Health School and Medical Faculty and were chosen with stratified sampling technique. Sociodemographic questionnaire and SB Scale (SBS) were used for collecting data. High point in the scale indicates more SB. Number-percent, Kruskal-Wallis (K Independent Samples Tests), Independent Samples T Test and One Way Analysis (ANOVA) test for advanced analysis were used to analyse data. Results: The mean points of SB Scale of students' were founded 38.11 +/- 9.73. The mean points of SB Scale; for nursing students' were 34.40 +/- 8.82, for midwifery students' were 40.33 +/- 8.44 and for medical students' were 38.71 +/- 10.25. Conclusion: It was found that SB tendency of the students whose mothers graduated from high school and those accepted to a high school after having passed an exam was less. Points' being higher indicate that person is using that behavior more. As a result, students' average score at the bottom of the scale according to SBS, which tend to be less than can be said SB.
PERCEPTION OF PRIVACY OF NURSING HOME WORKERS WITH REGARD TO THE SERVICES PROVIDED TO THE ELDERLY
Üstün, Ç; Türkmen, S; Tavsanli, NG
Objective: This study aimed at revealing the opinions of nursing homes employees regarding ethical evaluation of the privacy of older people. Material and Method: The study was conducted between December 2015 and January 2016 with 45 employees working at Manisa Municipal Nursing Home and Manisa Private Foundation Nursing Home. A questionnaire consisting of 10 questions about age, gender, marital status, etc. and the Service Provider Quantitative Survey for Perception and Assessment of Privacy in Services Rendered to the Elderly were used as data collection tools. Results: The mean age of the caregivers working at the nursing homes was 38.04 +/- 10.33 (19-64) years. 48.9% of the caregivers were female and 51.1% were male. 28.9% of the caregivers were graduates of high school, 62.2% of them were married, 60.0% had less income than their expenses, 24.4% were nurses/healthcare servants, 22.2% patient caregivers and 16.0% cleaning personnel, 75.6% of them lived in provinces most of their time and 77.8% had nobody in need of care in their families. Stating that privacy should not be neglected, all groups in the study had opinions close to each other. However, this belief can also be considered as moderate. No significant correlation was found between the socio-demographic characteristics of the caregivers working at the nursing homes and the mean scores of Necessity of Privacy and Privacy Can Be Neglected sub-domains of the privacy scale or the mean Overall Privacy Scale score (p>0.05). Conclusion: Protection of the privacy of these seniors in a common location in these institutions becomes an important problem. The elderly and the staff working there should come to an agreement concerning their perception of privacy in nursing homes.
Faith, Asceticism and The Concepts of Pilgrim and Pilgrimage in The Byzantine Empire with Samples from Haluk Perk Museum
Ünal, C; Çakmakçi, Z
Haluk Perk Museum in Istanbul has gained a prestigious place among the private museums of our country with its rich collection containing rare examples. The collection, which was turned into a museum by Haluk Perk in 1995, also includes many different categories of works from the Byzantine Period. In our article, a total of fifteen works from this collection, which give information about the beliefs, ascetic life, cross and pilgrimage concepts in the Byzantine world and how they are reflected in art, are discussed. Of these works, which are dated back to different periods of the Byzantine Empire, there is one pilgrim's token, two icons that are portable, nine encolpia decorated with the depictions of saints and three bronze objects of jewelry. The works in question were handled together with the concepts, people and ideas emphasizing the relationship between belief and worship in the Byzantine world in order for the rich iconography in them to gain a meaning and to be able to better comprehend what the dominant thought was in their emergence. The works, which have been examined and dated considering their iconography, styles and similar examples, are extremely important in terms of being rare and unique examples of Anatolian finds within the scope of Byzantine Art.
Migration of the Kumyk Turks from the Caucasus to Anatolia
Karatas, Ö; Arbatli, MS
Northern Caucasus is generally defined as a geography where Circassians live. But we know that not only the Circassians but also the Turks live there. Tatars, Karachays, Nogais, Kumuks are the Caucasian Turks that information were given about. When Russia occupied the Caucasus, the people who lived there, had to leave their homeland because of the politics carried out by Russians. Russia completed the occupation of the Caucasus with the end of the last of Circassian resistance in Kbaa region, on May 21, 1864 and Sheikh Shamil's delivery to Russia in 1859. Russia compelled the people of the Caucaus to mandatory and mass migration because of the applied Russian politics. Caucasion people who had to (were forced to) abandon their homeland, sheltered to Ottoman Empire by forced and mass migration. Ottoman Empire placed the Caucasus refugees including Nogay Turks, Crimean Turks and Circassian tribes both to Anatolia and Rumalia. Between the second half of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century, forced emigrations eventuated from Caucasia to the Anatolia. Russian State, who occupied the countries of the Caucasia people, is the major actor of the forced emigration. Caucasian people, whose countries occupied, have taken refuge to Ottoman State like Dagestanians, Chechens, Karachais, Kumyks. In this study, we will approach the emigration of Kumyks to the Ottoman Empire and the settlement of them to the Ottoman geography.
The Effect of Tunicamycin on Embryonic and Newborn Murine Spleen Tissues
Balcan, E; Arslan, Ö; Gümüs, A; Sahin, M
Tunicamycin is an antibiotic that widely used in cell biology for its ability to inhibit N-linked glycosylation of asparagine residues on proteins and to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the present study, the effects of tunicamycin on murine splenic tissues at 17th embryonic day and 1st and 3rd postnatal days were evaluated with three structural and physiological parameters: 1) alterations in glycosaminoglycan molecules, 2) apoptosis and 3) alterations in laminin molecules. It was shown that splenic microenvironments of control groups contain carboxylated glycosaminoglycans, but their content slightly decreased in all tunicamycin treated groups by alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff method. On the other hand, there was an increase in the interstitial space among the cells of tunicamycin treated groups. In addition, it was shown by immunoblotting analyses that expression levels of laminin molecules were decreased by tunicamycin tratment in developing spleen tissues. In order to determine apoptotic effects of tunicamycin, TUNEL assay was performed and it was found that the number of apoptotic cells in developing spleen was strongly increased with tunicamycin treatments. These results suggest that, during the spleen development, the alterations of glycosaminoglycan contents in the extracellular matrix and the glycosylation status of extracellular glycoproteins (e. g. laminins) that mediate cell-extracellular matrix interactions are very important factors that seal the fate of cell physiology and morphogenesis.
The relationship between separation individuation and depression in first grade students of university
Taskin, EO; Yüksel, EG; Özmen, E
Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between separation individuation and depression in university students. Methods: The sample consisted of 1026 first grade students of Celal Bayar University consisted the sample of this research a Sociodemographic Form, The Separation Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used in this study. Statistical significance of the relationship between SITA subscale scores and BDI scores was assessed by Pearson correlation test and between SITA subscale scores and depression according to the cut-off values of BDI was assessed by using Student's Nest. Results: 20.6% of the students had depression according to the cut-off values of BDI. The mean score of the BDI was 10.98 +/- 9.02. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the scores of SITA subscales 'peer enmeshment, 'practicing-mirroring' and 'healthy separation' which indicates positive separation individuation process and BDI scores when there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the scores of SITA subscales which indicates difficulties with separation individuation issues 'separation anxiety', 'engulfment anxiety, 'dependency denial' and 'rejection expectancy' and BDI scores. The scores of 'separation anxiety, 'engulfment anxiety, 'dependency denial' and 'rejection expectancy' subscales of SITA were significantly higher in the students with depression according to the cut-off values of BDI when healthy separation subscale scores were significantly higher in the students with depression according to the cut-off values of BDI. Conclusion: In this study, it has seen that there was a relationship between depression and separation-individuation process in adolescence. Difficulties with separation individuation issues in adolescence, in other words failure in achieve developmental tasks during adolescence could cause depression. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 10:174480)

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