Browsing by Subject "Polysaccharides"

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    High hydrostatic pressure effects on mold flora, citrinin mycotoxin, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein phenolics and antioxidant activity of black table olives
    (2010) Tokuşoǧlu Ö.; Alpas H.; Bozoǧlu F.
    High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a non-thermal technology is an effective tool for microbiologically safe and shelf-stable fruits. Mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) is a toxic secondary metabolite, especially produced from filamentous fungus Penicillium citrinum and is also produced by other species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus that are able to develop on olive after harvest, during brine and storage of olives. Nutritional benefits of olive fruit are mainly related to phenolics such as hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and antioxidative effects. With HHP application of olives, total mold was reduced to 90% at 25 °C whereas it was 100% at 4 °C based on Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (RBCA). Total Aerobic-Mesofilic Bacteria load was reduced to 35-76% at 35 ± 2 °C based on the Plate Count Agar (PCA). Citrinin load was reduced to 64-100% at 35 ± 2 °C. 2.5; 10; 25; and 100 ppb of spiked citrinin in sample were degraded as %56; %37; %9; and %1.3, respectively. 2.5 ppb and less citrinin contamination in table olive were degraded more (56%). Total phenolics were increased to 2.1-2.5-fold after HHP (as mgGA/100 g). Hydroxytyrosol in olives increased on average 0.8-2.0-fold whereas oleuropein decreased on average 1-1.2-fold after HHP (as mg/kg dwt). Antioxidant activity values varied from 17.238 to 29.344 mmol Fe2+/100 g for control samples whereas 18.579-32.998 mmol Fe2+/100 g for HHP-treated samples. HHP could be used in the olive industry as non-thermal preservation. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Levan production by Zymomonas mobilis in batch and continuous fermentation systems
    (2014) Silbir S.; Dagbagli S.; Yegin S.; Baysal T.; Goksungur Y.
    Levan production in batch and continuous fermentation systems by Zymomonas mobilis B-14023 was investigated. The culture medium used in both of the fermentation systems contained sucrose and various organic nitrogen sources. Maximum concentration of levan was produced with yeast extract among the nitrogen sources tested. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of three factors on the concentration of levan in batch cultures of Z. mobilis. Maximum levan concentration was 40.2 g/L and this concentration was reached at the optimum levels of process variables, which were 299.1 g/L initial substrate concentration, 42.3 h incubation time, and initial pH 6.0. Continuous fermentation experiments were done in packed bed bioreactor using Ca-alginate immobilized Z. mobilis cells. The highest levan concentration (31.8 ± 0.21 g/L) was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.14 h-1 while maximum volumetric productivity (6.556 g/(L h)) was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.22 h-1. Increasing the dilution rate resulted in decreased levan and increased residual sugar concentrations. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Mucosal trauma induced apoptosis in guinea pig middle ear: Comparision of hemostatic agents
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2014) Eren E.; Başoğlu M.S.; Kulduk E.; Şimsek F.; Inan S.
    Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS), microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH), and Ankaferd on wound healing after middle ear trauma and to evaluate their ototoxicity in an experimental guinea pig model. Methods: Middle ear mucosal trauma was created in 21 healthy adult guinea pigs. MPH, Ankaferd, and AGS were applied into the right tympanic bulla of the guinea pigs (7 ears for each treatment modality). The left ears of the seven animals were used as the sham group. At the fourth postoperative week (28-30 days), the guinea pigs were decapitated. Apoptosis was investigated, and the expression of Bcl-xl, Apaf, p53, cytochrome 3, and caspase 3 were evaluated. Results: The Ankaferd and AGS groups demonstrated significantly lower epithelial thickness, inflammation, and capillary dilatation than did the control group ( p<. 0.001, <0.001, /0.001, <0.001/, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in Bcl-xl staining was observed in the middle ears of animals treated with MPH ( p= 0.003). There was significantly higher caspase 3 expression in the Ankaferd and AGS groups than in the control group ( p<. 0.001 and p= 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: Light microscopy indicates that Ankaferd and AGS create less inflammation and increased caspase expression, which seems to induce inflammatory cell apoptosis. Ankaferd seems to be a promising hemostatic agent in otology. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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    Quantitative approach to lectin-based glycoprofiling of thymic tissues in the control- and the dexamethasone-treated mice
    (Churchill Livingstone, 2016) Balcan E.
    Dexamethasone (DEX) is the most commonly used synthetic glucocorticoid in treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Here we focused on evaluating the effect of DEX on apoptosis and glycan profile in the mouse thymic tissues. Histological examinations revealed that the DEX treatment cause severe alterations in thymus, such as disruption of thymic capsule, impaired epithelial cell-thymocyte contacts, cellular loss and increased apoptosis. The identification of thymic glycans in the control- and the DEX-treated mice was carried out by using a panel of five plant lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Lectin histochemistry results showed that glycosylation pattern of thymus changes upon DEX treatment. For further detailed quantitative analyses of the binding intensities for each lectin, histochemical data were scored as high positive (HP), mild positive (MP) and low positive (LP) and differences among signaling densities were investigated. The staining patterns of thymic regions observed with lectin histochemistry suggest that DEX can affect the thymic glycan profile as well as thymocyte apoptosis. These results are consistent with the opinion that not only sialic acid, but also other sugar motifs may be responsible for thymocyte development. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin
    (SAGE Publications Inc., 2016) Yilmaz T.; Tavman Ş.
    In this study ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin has been studied. Optimum sonication time has been evaluated depending on responses such as amount of carbohydrate and dried sample and thermogravimetric analysis. Chemical and structural properties of extracted material have been determined by Fourier transform spectroscopy attenuated-total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Pretreated hazelnut skin powders were extracted in distilled water. Mixture was sonicated by ultrasonic processor probe for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. The results of UAE showed that maximum ethanol insoluble extracts in 60 min and the highest dry matter content could be obtained in 120 min extraction. Although total carbohydrate content of ethanol insoluble dry extract decreased with time, total carbohydrate in ethanol soluble fraction increased. Polysaccharides extracted from hazelnut skin were assumed to be pectic polysaccharide according to the literature survey of FTIR analysis result. Application time of UAE has an important effect on extraction of polysaccharide from hazelnut skin. This affect could be summarized by enhancing extraction yield up to critical level. Decrease of the yield in ethanol insoluble part could be explained by polymer decomposition. Most suitable model was hyperbolic model by having the lowest root mean square error and the highest R2 values. © SAGE Publications.
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    Exopolysaccharide production of acetic acid bacteria
    (CRC Press, 2017) Dağbağli S.; Göksungur Y.
    Polysaccharides derived from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are divided into two groups; capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) (Kumar et al. 2007, Ali et al. 2011). CPS is permanently attached to the outer surface of the cells and EPS is secreted into the growth medium (Ali et al. 2011, Perumpuli et al. 2014). These polysaccharides are either homopolysaccharides containing a single type of monosaccharide or heteropolysaccharides containing several types of monosaccharides (Donot et al. 2012, Ahmad et al. 2015). © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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    Modeling and Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Parameters using Response Surface Methodology for Water Soluble Polysaccharide Extraction from Hazelnut Skin
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2017) Yılmaz T.; Tavman S.
    The aim of this study is to evaluate optimum process conditions for water soluble polysaccharides (WSP) of plant waste materials such as hazelnut skin by using response surface methodologies (RSM). Polysaccharides from hazelnut skin were extracted by means of probe type sonication system using distilled water as a solvent with several sonication time, temperature and amplitude. Response surface models were applied by both Box–Behnken Design (BBD) and Central-Composite Design (CCD) for determining optimal condition which satisfies both maximizing polysaccharide yield and minimizing applied energy for sonication. Results showed that both BBD and CCD models represented the system with high regression coefficient (R2 > 0.95) and optimum conditions are 16.15 min, 45C, 50.29% amplitude with 0.733 desirability, 15.97 min, 45C, 47.27% amplitude with 0.712 desirability, respectively, for designs. Results of given conditions are 1.74% yield and 78.75 kJ consumption for BBD and 1.64% yield and 71.68 kJ for CCD. These results were validated by comparing experimental results at 15 min, 45C, 50% amplitude. As a consequence, it was observed that selected statistical models represent the system with a high accuracy and associating scores of each optimal condition is close enough to experimental results. Practical Applications: Hazelnut skin is accepted as a waste material and there is no known application area in food industry. Although this waste can be utilized as bioactive polysaccharide source, extraction procedure requires enzymatic and chemical treatments. Sonication can be applied to extract water soluble polysaccharide from hazelnut skin and this method can be applied practically for further studies. Because during polysaccharide extraction, sonication improves uniform heat distribution and enhances mass transfer while decreasing activation energy due to the increase in particle velocity, intense mixing, cell disruption and partial hydrolysis. These effects make sonication profitable tool to obtain bioactive polysaccharides from plant waste materials. RSM is an easy way to organize experiments and optimize complex system such as extraction. On the other hand BBD design is easier and more applicable then CCD especially when the process has some concerns such as difficulties to adjust required level of parameters for CCD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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    Extraction, characterization, and rheology of Opuntia ficus indica cladode polysaccharides
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Sevgi A.; Özçelik M.; Yılmaz T.
    In this study, hot water extraction was applied to obtain water-soluble pectin of Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) cladode. The yield was found 0.18–0.06% in fresh-weight with the degree of esterification at 48 ± 1.25% expressing that extracted polysaccharide has low-methoxyl (LM) pectin features. Some properties of OFI cladode pectin and commercial LM pectin were investigated. Infrared spectrums of the samples were found mostly similar by having major pectin constituents. 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% w/v solutions were prepared for rheological properties at 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. Solutions prepared both using commercial pectin (CP) and OCP represented Newtonian behavior at applied shear rate region. More than 1% w/v concentration, CP showed higher thickening property compared to OCP solutions at various temperatures where CP samples were heavier compared to OCP. The activation energy of OCP solutions was higher than CP meaning that CP had stronger interaction between molecules by representing better stability. Novelty impact statement: Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) is well known as the fruit part, however, the cladode part has a great potential for food use as a polysaccharide source. Cladode is rich in water-soluble pectic polysaccharides and there is no commercial cladode pectin available on the market. OFI cladode can be used as a cheap source of low-methoxyl pectin with some modifications due to the application area. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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    Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment: A Review of Marine-derived Polysaccharides
    (Bentham Science Publishers, 2022) Atmaca H.; Oguz F.; Ilhan S.
    Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the spread of cells to other tissues and remains one of the worldwide problems waiting to be solved. There are various treatment strategies for cancer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, although it varies according to its type and stage. Many chemotherapeutic agents have limited clinical use due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability, or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high rate of clinical failure is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner and are not toxic to normal cells. Marine systems contain biodiversity, including components and materials that can be used in biomedical applications and therapy. Biomaterials such as chitin, chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, hyaluronan, agarose, and ulvan obtained from marine organisms have found use in DDSs today. These polysaccharides are biocompatible, non-toxic, biodegradable, and cost-effective, making them ideal raw materials for increasingly complex DDSs with a potentially regulated release. In this review, the contributions of polysaccharides from the marine environment to the development of anticancer drugs in DDSs will be discussed. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
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    Methyl cellulose/okra mucilage composite films, functionalized with Hypericum perforatum oil and gentamicin, as a potential wound dressing
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024) Coban S.N.; Polatoglu I.; Eroglu E.
    There is a growing demand for the development of functional wound dressings enriched with bioactive natural compounds to improve the quality of life of the population by accelerating the healing process of chronic wounds. In this regard, a functional composite film of okra mucilage (OM) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with Hypericum perforatum oil (Hp) and gentamicin (G) was prepared and characterized as a wound dressing. Increasing Hp resulted in improved film properties with a more porous structure, higher WVTR, and lower surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, incorporating Hp into OM:MC films led to increased elongation at the break while reducing the tensile strength of the films. The highest values of total antioxidant capacity (1.09–1.16 mM trolox equivalent) and total phenolic content (13.76–16.94 μg GA equivalent mL−1) were measured in the composite films containing the highest Hp concentration (1.5 %). In addition, OM:MC/HpG composite films exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus and prevented the transmission of these bacteria through the films. Hp incorporation reduced the cytotoxic effects of OM:MC films on BJ cells and increased the wound closure rate in vitro. In conclusion, the developed OM:MC/HpG composite film can be a promising candidate as a novel wound dressing with its superior properties. © 2023