Regulation of apoptosis-related molecules by synergistic combination of all-trans retinoic acid and zoledronic acid in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines
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Date
2011
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Abstract
We report that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with zoledronic acid has strong synergistic cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against human hormone- and drug-refractory prostate cancer cells, PC-3 and DU-145, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We further investigated the effect of the combination treatment on the apoptotic process by both oligoarray and protein array analysis in DU-145 cells, in which the drug combination shows much more strong synergistic effects, as compared to PC-3 cells. Moreover, we have also performed real time-PCR array analysis to validate oligoarray results. We demonstrated that the combination of ATRA and zoledronic acid is a strong inducer of apoptotic related cell death in human androgen-and drug refractory prostate cancer cells DU-145, at either transcriptional or translational levels. While expression of proapoptotic genes such as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), Bad, Bax, Fas, FADD are induced with the exposure of the combination, expression of antiapoptotic genes or proteins such as members of inhibitor apoptosis family (IAPs), MCL-1, LTBR, p53 and bcl-2 are reduced. Because this novel combination treatment has fewer side effects than is generally the case with conventional cytotoxic agents, this regimen may be a good option for treatment of elderly prostate cancer patients. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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Keywords
Antineoplastic Agents , Apoptosis , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins , Caspase 3 , Caspase 7 , Cell Death , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival , Diphosphonates , DNA Fragmentation , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Synergism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Hormones , Humans , Imidazoles , Male , Prostatic Neoplasms , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor , Reproducibility of Results , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger , Time Factors , Tretinoin , Intracisternal A-particles , caspase 3 , caspase 7 , cytochrome c , Fas associated death domain protein , Fas ligand , heme oxygenase 2 , livin , lymphotoxin beta receptor , protein BAD , protein Bax , protein bcl 2 , protein mcl 1 , protein p53 , retinoic acid , second mitochondrial activator of caspase , survivin , tumor necrosis factor receptor , tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily , unclassified drug , X linked inhibitor of apoptosis , zoledronic acid , apoptosis , article , cancer cell culture , cancer inhibition , cell proliferation , cell viability , controlled study , cytotoxicity , DNA fragmentation , dose response , drug potentiation , enzyme activation , enzyme activity , human , human cell , male , prostate cancer , protein expression , real time polymerase chain reaction