Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants

Zhou B.; Bentham J.; Di Cesare M.; Bixby H.; Danaei G.; Cowan M.J.; Paciorek C.J.; Singh G.; Hajifathalian K.; Bennett J.E.; Taddei C.; Bilano V.; Carrillo-Larco R.M.; Djalalinia S.; Khatibzadeh S.; Lugero C.; Peykari N.; Zhang W.Z.; Lu Y.; Stevens G.A.; Riley L.M.; Bovet P.; Elliott P.; Gu D.; Ikeda N.; Jackson R.T.; Joffres M.; Kengne A.P.; Laatikainen T.; Lam T.H.; Laxmaiah A.; Liu J.; Miranda J.J.; Mondo C.K.; Neuhauser H.K.; Sundström J.; Smeeth L.; Sorić M.; Woodward M.; Ezzati M.; Abarca-Gómez L.; Abdeen Z.A.; Rahim H.A.; Abu-Rmeileh N.M.; Acosta-Cazares B.; Adams R.; Aekplakorn W.; Afsana K.; Aguilar-Salinas C.A.; Agyemang C.; Ahmadvand A.; Ahrens W.; Al Raddadi R.; Al Woyatan R.; Ali M.M.; Alkerwi A.; Aly E.; Amouyel P.; Amuzu A.; Andersen L.B.; Anderssen S.A.; Ängquist L.; Anjana R.M.; Ansong D.; Aounallah-Skhiri H.; Araújo J.; Ariansen I.; Aris T.; Arlappa N.; Aryal K.; Arveiler D.; Assah F.K.; Assunção M.C.F.; Avdicová M.; Azevedo A.; Azizi F.; Babu B.V.; Bahijri S.; Balakrishna N.; Bandosz P.; Banegas J.R.; Barbagallo C.M.; Barceló A.; Barkat A.; Barros A.J.D.; Barros M.V.; Bata I.; Batieha A.M.; Baur L.A.; Beaglehole R.; Romdhane H.B.; Benet M.; Benson L.S.; Bernabe-Ortiz A.; Bernotiene G.; Bettiol H.; Bhagyalaxmi A.; Bharadwaj S.; Bhargava S.K.; Bi Y.; Bikbov M.; Bjerregaard P.; Bjertness E.; Björkelund C.; Blokstra A.; Bo S.; Bobak M.; Boeing H.; Boggia J.G.; Boissonnet C.P.; Bongard V.; Braeckman L.; Brajkovich I.; Branca F.; Breckenkamp J.; Brenner H.; Brewster L.M.; Bruno G.; Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B.; Bugge A.; Burns C.; Bursztyn M.; de León A.C.; Cacciottolo J.; Cameron C.; Can G.; Cândido A.P.C.; Capuano V.; Cardoso V.C.; Carlsson A.C.; Carvalho M.J.; Casanueva F.F.; Casas J.-P.; Caserta C.A.; Chamukuttan S.; Chan A.W.; Chan Q.; Chaturvedi H.K.; Chaturvedi N.; Chen C.-J.; Chen F.; Chen H.; Chen S.; Chen Z.; Cheng C.-Y.; Dekkaki I.C.; Chetrit A.; Chiolero A.; Chiou S.-T.; Chirita-Emandi A.; Cho B.; Cho Y.; Chudek J.; Cifkova R.; Claessens F.; Clays E.; Concin H.; Cooper C.; Cooper R.; Coppinger T.C.; Costanzo S.; Cottel D.; Cowell C.; Craig C.L.; Crujeiras A.B.; Cruz J.J.; D'Arrigo G.; d'Orsi E.; Dallongeville J.; Damasceno A.; Dankner R.; Dantoft T.M.; Dauchet L.; De Backer G.; De Bacquer D.; de Gaetano G.; De Henauw S.; De Smedt D.; Deepa M.; Dehghan A.; Delisle H.; Deschamps V.; Dhana K.; Di Castelnuovo A.F.; Dias-da-Costa J.S.; Diaz A.; Dickerson T.T.; Do H.T.P.; Donfrancesco C.; Dobson A.J.; Donoso S.P.; Döring A.; Doua K.; Drygas W.; Dulskiene V.; Džakula A.; Dzerve V.; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.; Ekelund U.; El Ati J.; Ellert U.; Elosua R.; Erasmus R.T.; Erem C.; Eriksen L.; Escobedo-de la Peña J.; Evans A.; Faeh D.; Fall C.H.; Farzadfar F.; Felix-Redondo F.J.; Ferguson T.S.; Fernández-Bergés D.; Ferrante D.; Ferrari M.; Ferreccio C.; Ferrieres J.; Finn J.D.; Fischer K.; Föger B.; Foo L.H.; Forslund A.-S.; Forsner M.; Fortmann S.P.; Fouad H.M.; Francis D.K.; do Carmo Franco M.; Franco O.H.; Frontera G.; Fuchs F.D.; Fuchs S.C.; Fujita Y.; Furusawa T.; Gaciong Z.; Gareta D.; Garnett S.P.; Gaspoz J.-M.; Gasull M.; Gates L.; Gavrila D.; Geleijnse J.M.; Ghasemian A.; Ghimire A.; Giampaoli S.; Gianfagna F.; Giovannelli J.; Goldsmith R.A.; Gonçalves H.; González-Gross M.M.; González Rivas J.P.; Gottrand F.; Graff-Iversen S.; Grafnetter D.; Grajda A.; Gregor R.D.; Grodzicki T.; Grøntved A.; Gruden G.; Grujic V.; Guan O.P.; Gudnason V.; Guerrero R.; Guessous I.; Guimaraes A.L.; Gulliford M.C.; Gunnlaugsdottir J.; Gunter M.; Gupta P.C.; Gureje O.; Gurzkowska B.; Gutierrez L.; Gutzwiller F.; Hadaegh F.; Halkjær J.; Hambleton I.R.; Hardy R.; Harikumar R.; Hata J.; Hayes A.J.; He J.; Hendriks M.E.; Henriques A.; Cadena L.H.; Herqutanto; Herrala S.; Heshmat R.; Hihtaniemi I.T.; Ho S.Y.; Ho S.C.; Hobbs M.; Hofman A.; Dinc G.H.; Hormiga C.M.; Horta B.L.; Houti L.; Howitt C.; Htay T.T.; Htet A.S.; Hu Y.; Huerta J.M.; Husseini A.S.; Huybrechts I.; Hwalla N.; Iacoviello L.; Iannone A.G.; Ibrahim M.M.; Ikram M.A.; Irazola V.E.; Islam M.; Ivkovic V.; Iwasaki M.; Jacobs J.M.; Jafar T.; Jamrozik K.; Janszky I.; Jasienska G.; Jelakovic B.; Jiang C.Q.; Johansson M.; Jonas J.B.; Jørgensen T.; Joshi P.; Juolevi A.; Jurak G.; Jureša V.; Kaaks R.; Kafatos A.; Kalter-Leibovici O.; Kamaruddin N.A.; Kasaeian A.; Katz J.; Kauhanen J.; Kaur P.; Kavousi M.; Kazakbaeva G.; Keil U.; Boker L.K.; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S.; Kelishadi R.; Kemper H.C.G.; Kersting M.; Key T.; Khader Y.S.; Khalili D.; Khang Y.-H.; Khaw K.-T.; Kiechl S.; Killewo J.; Kim J.; Klumbiene J.; Kolle E.; Kolsteren P.; Korrovits P.; Koskinen S.; Kouda K.; Koziel S.; Kristensen P.L.; Krokstad S.; Kromhout D.; Kruger H.S.; Kubinova R.; Kuciene R.; Kuh D.; Kujala U.M.; Kula K.; Kulaga Z.; Krishna Kumar R.; Kurjata P.; Kusuma Y.S.; Kuulasmaa K.; Kyobutungi C.; Lachat C.; Landrove O.; Lanska V.; Lappas G.; Larijani B.; Laugsand L.E.; Le Nguyen Bao K.; Le T.D.; Leclercq C.; Lee J.; Lehtimäki T.; Rampal L.; León-Muñoz L.M.; Levitt N.S.; Li Y.; Lilly C.L.; Lim W.-Y.; Lima-Costa M.F.; Lin H.-H.; Lin X.; Linneberg A.; Lissner L.; Litwin M.; Lorbeer R.; Lotufo P.A.; Lozano J.E.; Luksiene D.; Lundqvist A.; Lunet N.; Lytsy P.; Ma G.; Ma J.; Machado-Coelho G.L.L.; Machi S.; Maggi S.; Magliano D.J.; Majer M.; Makdisse M.; Malekzadeh R.; Malhotra R.; Rao K.M.; Malyutina S.; Manios Y.; Mann J.I.; Manzato E.; Margozzini P.; Marques-Vidal P.; Marrugat J.; Martorell R.; Mathiesen E.B.; Matijasevich A.; Matsha T.E.; Mbanya J.C.N.; McDonald Posso A.J.; McFarlane S.R.; McGarvey S.T.; McLachlan S.; McLean R.M.; McNulty B.A.; MdKhir A.S.; Mediene-Benchekor S.; Medzioniene J.; Meirhaeghe A.; Meisinger C.; Menezes A.M.B.; Menon G.R.; Meshram I.I.; Metspalu A.; Mi J.; Mikkel K.; Miller J.C.; Miquel J.F.; Mišigoj-Durakovic M.; Mohamed M.K.; Mohammad K.; Mohammadifard N.; Mohan V.; Mohd Yusoff M.F.; Møller N.C.; Molnár D.; Momenan A.; Monyeki K.D.K.; Moreira L.B.; Morejon A.; Moreno L.A.; Morgan K.; Moschonis G.; Mossakowska M.; Mota J.; Mostafa A.; Motlagh M.E.; Motta J.; Muiesan M.L.; Müller-Nurasyid M.; Murphy N.; Mursu J.; Musil V.; Nagel G.; Naidu B.M.; Nakamura H.; Námešná J.; Nang E.E.K.; Nangia V.B.; Narake S.; Navarrete-Muñoz E.M.; Ndiaye N.C.; Neal W.A.; Nenko I.; Nervi F.; Nguyen N.D.; Nguyen Q.N.; Nieto-Martínez R.E.; Niiranen T.J.; Ning G.; Ninomiya T.; Nishtar S.; Noale M.; Noboa O.A.; Noorbala A.A.; Norat T.; Noto D.; Al Nsour M.; O'Reilly D.; Oh K.; Olinto M.T.A.; Oliveira I.O.; Omar M.A.; Onat A.; Ordunez P.; Osmond C.; Ostojic S.M.; Otero J.A.; Overvad K.; Owusu-Dabo E.; Paccaud F.M.; Padez C.; Pahomova E.; Pajak A.; Palli D.; Palmieri L.; Panda-Jonas S.; Panza F.; Papandreou D.; Parnell W.R.; Parsaeian M.; Pecin I.; Pednekar M.S.; Peer N.; Peeters P.H.; Peixoto S.V.; Pelletier C.; Peltonen M.; Pereira A.C.; Pérez R.M.; Peters A.; Petkeviciene J.; Pham S.T.; Pigeot I.; Pikhart H.; Pilav A.; Pilotto L.; Pitakaka F.; Plans-Rubió P.; Polakowska M.; Polašek O.; Porta M.; Portegies M.L.P.; Pourshams A.; Pradeepa R.; Prashant M.; Price J.F.; Puiu M.; Punab M.; Qasrawi R.F.; Qorbani M.; Radic I.; Radisauskas R.; Rahman M.; Raitakari O.; Raj M.; Rao S.R.; Ramachandran A.; Ramos E.; Rampal S.; Rangel Reina D.A.; Rasmussen F.; Redon J.; Reganit P.F.M.; Ribeiro R.; Riboli E.; Rigo F.; Rinke de Wit T.F.; Ritti-Dias R.M.; Robinson S.M.; Robitaille C.; Rodríguez-Artalejo F.; del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez M.; Rodríguez-Villamizar L.A.; Rojas-Martinez R.; Rosengren A.; Rubinstein A.; Rui O.; Ruiz-Betancourt B.S.; Russo Horimoto A.R.V.; Rutkowski M.; Sabanayagam C.; Sachdev H.S.; Saidi O.; Sakarya S.; Salanave B.; Martinez E.S.; Salmerón D.; Salomaa V.; Salonen J.T.; Salvetti M.; Sánchez-Abanto J.; Sans S.; Santos D.; Santos I.S.; dos Santos R.N.; Santos R.; Saramies J.L.; Sardinha L.B.; Margolis G.S.; Sarrafzadegan N.; Saum K.-U.; Savva S.C.; Scazufca M.; Schargrodsky H.; Schneider I.J.; Schultsz C.; Schutte A.E.; Sen A.; Senbanjo I.O.; Sepanlou S.G.; Sharma S.K.; Shaw J.E.; Shibuya K.; Shin D.W.; Shin Y.; Siantar R.; Sibai A.M.; Santos Silva D.A.; Simon M.; Simons J.; Simons L.A.; Sjöström M.; Skovbjerg S.; Slowikowska-Hilczer J.; Slusarczyk P.; Smith M.C.; Snijder M.B.; So H.-K.; Sobngwi E.; Söderberg S.; Solfrizzi V.; Sonestedt E.; Song Y.; Sørensen T.I.A.; Jérome C.S.; Soumare A.; Staessen J.A.; Starc G.; Stathopoulou M.G.; Stavreski B.; Steene-Johannessen J.; Stehle P.; Stein A.D.; Stergiou G.S.; Stessman J.; Stieber J.; Stöckl D.; Stocks T.; Stokwiszewski J.; Stronks K.; Strufaldi M.W.; Sun C.-A.; Sung Y.-T.; Suriyawongpaisal P.; Sy R.G.; Tai E.S.; Tammesoo M.-L.; Tamosiunas A.; Tang L.; Tang X.; Tao Y.; Tanser F.; Tarawneh M.R.; Tarqui-Mamani C.B.; Taylor A.; Theobald H.; Thijs L.; Thuesen B.H.; Tjonneland A.; Tolonen H.K.; Tolstrup J.S.; Topbas M.; Topór-Madry R.; Tormo M.J.; Torrent M.; Traissac P.; Trichopoulos D.; Trichopoulou A.; Trinh O.T.H.; Trivedi A.; Tshepo L.; Tulloch-Reid M.K.; Tuomainen T.-P.; Tuomilehto J.; Turley M.L.; Tynelius P.; Tzourio C.; Ueda P.; Ugel E.; Ulmer H.; Uusitalo H.M.T.; Valdivia G.; Valvi D.; van der Schouw Y.T.; Van Herck K.; van Rossem L.; van Valkengoed I.G.M.; Vanderschueren D.; Vanuzzo D.; Vatten L.; Vega T.; Velasquez-Melendez G.; Veronesi G.; Verschuren W.M.M.; Verstraeten R.; Victora C.G.; Viet L.; Viikari-Juntura E.; Vineis P.; Vioque J.; Virtanen J.K.; Visvikis-Siest S.; Viswanathan B.; Vollenweider P.; Voutilainen S.; Vrdoljak A.; Vrijheid M.; Wade A.N.; Wagner A.; Walton J.; Wan Mohamud W.N.; Wang M.-D.; Wang Q.; Wang Y.X.; Wannamethee S.G.; Wareham N.; Wederkopp N.; Weerasekera D.; Whincup P.H.; Widhalm K.; Widyahening I.S.; Wijga A.H.; Wiecek A.; Wilks R.J.; Willeit J.; Willeit P.; Williams E.A.; Wilsgaard T.; Wojtyniak B.; Wong T.Y.; Wong-McClure R.A.; Woo J.; Wu A.G.; Wu F.C.; Wu S.L.; Xu H.; Yan W.; Yang X.; Ye X.; Yiallouros P.K.; Yoshihara A.; Younger-Coleman N.O.; Yusoff A.F.; Yusoff M.F.M.; Zambon S.; Zdrojewski T.; Zeng Y.; Zhao D.; Zhao W.; Zheng Y.; Zimmermann E.; Cisneros J.Z.; Zhu D.; Eggertsen R.

Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants

dc.contributor.author	Zhou B.
dc.contributor.author	Bentham J.
dc.contributor.author	Di Cesare M.
dc.contributor.author	Bixby H.
dc.contributor.author	Danaei G.
dc.contributor.author	Cowan M.J.
dc.contributor.author	Paciorek C.J.
dc.contributor.author	Singh G.
dc.contributor.author	Hajifathalian K.
dc.contributor.author	Bennett J.E.
dc.contributor.author	Taddei C.
dc.contributor.author	Bilano V.
dc.contributor.author	Carrillo-Larco R.M.
dc.contributor.author	Djalalinia S.
dc.contributor.author	Khatibzadeh S.
dc.contributor.author	Lugero C.
dc.contributor.author	Peykari N.
dc.contributor.author	Zhang W.Z.
dc.contributor.author	Lu Y.
dc.contributor.author	Stevens G.A.
dc.contributor.author	Riley L.M.
dc.contributor.author	Bovet P.
dc.contributor.author	Elliott P.
dc.contributor.author	Gu D.
dc.contributor.author	Ikeda N.
dc.contributor.author	Jackson R.T.
dc.contributor.author	Joffres M.
dc.contributor.author	Kengne A.P.
dc.contributor.author	Laatikainen T.
dc.contributor.author	Lam T.H.
dc.contributor.author	Laxmaiah A.
dc.contributor.author	Liu J.
dc.contributor.author	Miranda J.J.
dc.contributor.author	Mondo C.K.
dc.contributor.author	Neuhauser H.K.
dc.contributor.author	Sundström J.
dc.contributor.author	Smeeth L.
dc.contributor.author	Sorić M.
dc.contributor.author	Woodward M.
dc.contributor.author	Ezzati M.
dc.contributor.author	Abarca-Gómez L.
dc.contributor.author	Abdeen Z.A.
dc.contributor.author	Rahim H.A.
dc.contributor.author	Abu-Rmeileh N.M.
dc.contributor.author	Acosta-Cazares B.
dc.contributor.author	Adams R.
dc.contributor.author	Aekplakorn W.
dc.contributor.author	Afsana K.
dc.contributor.author	Aguilar-Salinas C.A.
dc.contributor.author	Agyemang C.
dc.contributor.author	Ahmadvand A.
dc.contributor.author	Ahrens W.
dc.contributor.author	Al Raddadi R.
dc.contributor.author	Al Woyatan R.
dc.contributor.author	Ali M.M.
dc.contributor.author	Alkerwi A.
dc.contributor.author	Aly E.
dc.contributor.author	Amouyel P.
dc.contributor.author	Amuzu A.
dc.contributor.author	Andersen L.B.
dc.contributor.author	Anderssen S.A.
dc.contributor.author	Ängquist L.
dc.contributor.author	Anjana R.M.
dc.contributor.author	Ansong D.
dc.contributor.author	Aounallah-Skhiri H.
dc.contributor.author	Araújo J.
dc.contributor.author	Ariansen I.
dc.contributor.author	Aris T.
dc.contributor.author	Arlappa N.
dc.contributor.author	Aryal K.
dc.contributor.author	Arveiler D.
dc.contributor.author	Assah F.K.
dc.contributor.author	Assunção M.C.F.
dc.contributor.author	Avdicová M.
dc.contributor.author	Azevedo A.
dc.contributor.author	Azizi F.
dc.contributor.author	Babu B.V.
dc.contributor.author	Bahijri S.
dc.contributor.author	Balakrishna N.
dc.contributor.author	Bandosz P.
dc.contributor.author	Banegas J.R.
dc.contributor.author	Barbagallo C.M.
dc.contributor.author	Barceló A.
dc.contributor.author	Barkat A.
dc.contributor.author	Barros A.J.D.
dc.contributor.author	Barros M.V.
dc.contributor.author	Bata I.
dc.contributor.author	Batieha A.M.
dc.contributor.author	Baur L.A.
dc.contributor.author	Beaglehole R.
dc.contributor.author	Romdhane H.B.
dc.contributor.author	Benet M.
dc.contributor.author	Benson L.S.
dc.contributor.author	Bernabe-Ortiz A.
dc.contributor.author	Bernotiene G.
dc.contributor.author	Bettiol H.
dc.contributor.author	Bhagyalaxmi A.
dc.contributor.author	Bharadwaj S.
dc.contributor.author	Bhargava S.K.
dc.contributor.author	Bi Y.
dc.contributor.author	Bikbov M.
dc.contributor.author	Bjerregaard P.
dc.contributor.author	Bjertness E.
dc.contributor.author	Björkelund C.
dc.contributor.author	Blokstra A.
dc.contributor.author	Bo S.
dc.contributor.author	Bobak M.
dc.contributor.author	Boeing H.
dc.contributor.author	Boggia J.G.
dc.contributor.author	Boissonnet C.P.
dc.contributor.author	Bongard V.
dc.contributor.author	Braeckman L.
dc.contributor.author	Brajkovich I.
dc.contributor.author	Branca F.
dc.contributor.author	Breckenkamp J.
dc.contributor.author	Brenner H.
dc.contributor.author	Brewster L.M.
dc.contributor.author	Bruno G.
dc.contributor.author	Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B.
dc.contributor.author	Bugge A.
dc.contributor.author	Burns C.
dc.contributor.author	Bursztyn M.
dc.contributor.author	de León A.C.
dc.contributor.author	Cacciottolo J.
dc.contributor.author	Cameron C.
dc.contributor.author	Can G.
dc.contributor.author	Cândido A.P.C.
dc.contributor.author	Capuano V.
dc.contributor.author	Cardoso V.C.
dc.contributor.author	Carlsson A.C.
dc.contributor.author	Carvalho M.J.
dc.contributor.author	Casanueva F.F.
dc.contributor.author	Casas J.-P.
dc.contributor.author	Caserta C.A.
dc.contributor.author	Chamukuttan S.
dc.contributor.author	Chan A.W.
dc.contributor.author	Chan Q.
dc.contributor.author	Chaturvedi H.K.
dc.contributor.author	Chaturvedi N.
dc.contributor.author	Chen C.-J.
dc.contributor.author	Chen F.
dc.contributor.author	Chen H.
dc.contributor.author	Chen S.
dc.contributor.author	Chen Z.
dc.contributor.author	Cheng C.-Y.
dc.contributor.author	Dekkaki I.C.
dc.contributor.author	Chetrit A.
dc.contributor.author	Chiolero A.
dc.contributor.author	Chiou S.-T.
dc.contributor.author	Chirita-Emandi A.
dc.contributor.author	Cho B.
dc.contributor.author	Cho Y.
dc.contributor.author	Chudek J.
dc.contributor.author	Cifkova R.
dc.contributor.author	Claessens F.
dc.contributor.author	Clays E.
dc.contributor.author	Concin H.
dc.contributor.author	Cooper C.
dc.contributor.author	Cooper R.
dc.contributor.author	Coppinger T.C.
dc.contributor.author	Costanzo S.
dc.contributor.author	Cottel D.
dc.contributor.author	Cowell C.
dc.contributor.author	Craig C.L.
dc.contributor.author	Crujeiras A.B.
dc.contributor.author	Cruz J.J.
dc.contributor.author	D'Arrigo G.
dc.contributor.author	d'Orsi E.
dc.contributor.author	Dallongeville J.
dc.contributor.author	Damasceno A.
dc.contributor.author	Dankner R.
dc.contributor.author	Dantoft T.M.
dc.contributor.author	Dauchet L.
dc.contributor.author	De Backer G.
dc.contributor.author	De Bacquer D.
dc.contributor.author	de Gaetano G.
dc.contributor.author	De Henauw S.
dc.contributor.author	De Smedt D.
dc.contributor.author	Deepa M.
dc.contributor.author	Dehghan A.
dc.contributor.author	Delisle H.
dc.contributor.author	Deschamps V.
dc.contributor.author	Dhana K.
dc.contributor.author	Di Castelnuovo A.F.
dc.contributor.author	Dias-da-Costa J.S.
dc.contributor.author	Diaz A.
dc.contributor.author	Dickerson T.T.
dc.contributor.author	Do H.T.P.
dc.contributor.author	Donfrancesco C.
dc.contributor.author	Dobson A.J.
dc.contributor.author	Donoso S.P.
dc.contributor.author	Döring A.
dc.contributor.author	Doua K.
dc.contributor.author	Drygas W.
dc.contributor.author	Dulskiene V.
dc.contributor.author	Džakula A.
dc.contributor.author	Dzerve V.
dc.contributor.author	Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.
dc.contributor.author	Ekelund U.
dc.contributor.author	El Ati J.
dc.contributor.author	Ellert U.
dc.contributor.author	Elosua R.
dc.contributor.author	Erasmus R.T.
dc.contributor.author	Erem C.
dc.contributor.author	Eriksen L.
dc.contributor.author	Escobedo-de la Peña J.
dc.contributor.author	Evans A.
dc.contributor.author	Faeh D.
dc.contributor.author	Fall C.H.
dc.contributor.author	Farzadfar F.
dc.contributor.author	Felix-Redondo F.J.
dc.contributor.author	Ferguson T.S.
dc.contributor.author	Fernández-Bergés D.
dc.contributor.author	Ferrante D.
dc.contributor.author	Ferrari M.
dc.contributor.author	Ferreccio C.
dc.contributor.author	Ferrieres J.
dc.contributor.author	Finn J.D.
dc.contributor.author	Fischer K.
dc.contributor.author	Föger B.
dc.contributor.author	Foo L.H.
dc.contributor.author	Forslund A.-S.
dc.contributor.author	Forsner M.
dc.contributor.author	Fortmann S.P.
dc.contributor.author	Fouad H.M.
dc.contributor.author	Francis D.K.
dc.contributor.author	do Carmo Franco M.
dc.contributor.author	Franco O.H.
dc.contributor.author	Frontera G.
dc.contributor.author	Fuchs F.D.
dc.contributor.author	Fuchs S.C.
dc.contributor.author	Fujita Y.
dc.contributor.author	Furusawa T.
dc.contributor.author	Gaciong Z.
dc.contributor.author	Gareta D.
dc.contributor.author	Garnett S.P.
dc.contributor.author	Gaspoz J.-M.
dc.contributor.author	Gasull M.
dc.contributor.author	Gates L.
dc.contributor.author	Gavrila D.
dc.contributor.author	Geleijnse J.M.
dc.contributor.author	Ghasemian A.
dc.contributor.author	Ghimire A.
dc.contributor.author	Giampaoli S.
dc.contributor.author	Gianfagna F.
dc.contributor.author	Giovannelli J.
dc.contributor.author	Goldsmith R.A.
dc.contributor.author	Gonçalves H.
dc.contributor.author	González-Gross M.M.
dc.contributor.author	González Rivas J.P.
dc.contributor.author	Gottrand F.
dc.contributor.author	Graff-Iversen S.
dc.contributor.author	Grafnetter D.
dc.contributor.author	Grajda A.
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dc.date.accessioned	2025-04-10T11:08:41Z
dc.date.available	2025-04-10T11:08:41Z
dc.date.issued	2017
dc.description.abstract	Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19·1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127·0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125·7–128·3) in men and 122·3 mm Hg (121·0–123·6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78·7 mm Hg (77·9–79·5) for men and 76·7 mm Hg (75·9–77·6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24·1% (21·4–27·1) in men and 20·1% (17·8–22·5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1·13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Funding Wellcome Trust. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
dc.identifier.DOI-ID	10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14701/48198
dc.publisher	Elsevier B.V.
dc.title	Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants
dc.type	Article

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Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants

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